Abstract
ABSTRACT To reveal the underlying cause of disfluency, several authors related the pattern of disfluencies to difficulties at specific levels of production, using a Network Task. Given that disfluencies are multifactorial, we combined this paradigm with eye-tracking to disentangle disfluency related to word preparation difficulties from others (e.g. stalling strategies). We manipulated lexical and grammatical selection difficulty. In Experiment 1, lines connecting the pictures varied in length, which led participants to use a strategy and inspect other areas than the upcoming picture when pictures were preceded by long lines. Experiment 2 only used short lines. In both experiments, lexical selection difficulty promoted self-corrections, pauses and longer fixation latency prior to naming. Multivariate Pattern Analyses demonstrated that disfluency and eye-movement data patterns can predict lexical selection difficulty. Eye-tracking could provide complementary information about network tasks, by disentangling disfluencies related to picture naming from disfluencies related to self-monitoring or stalling strategies.
Highlights
Natural speech production is full of disfluencies, which are defined as phenomena that interrupt the flow of speech and do not add propositional content to an utterance (Fox Tree, 1995, p. 709)
Onset-EVS was measured in milliseconds
(51.57% on average; t(18) = 1.62, p = .08) nor with eyemovements (50.09% on average; t(18) = 0.08, p = .5), which means that gender cannot be predicted based on the pattern of eye-movements or disfluency. This experiment replicated the finding that pictures with low name agreement names induce more disfluencies in general, and more self-corrections and silent pauses in particular (Hartsuiker & Notebaert, 2010)
Summary
Natural speech production is full of disfluencies, which are defined as phenomena that interrupt the flow of speech and do not add propositional content to an utterance (Fox Tree, 1995, p. 709). Hartsuiker and Notebaert (2010) caused difficulty in the initial stage of lexical access by manipulating name agreement (i.e. the number of different names speakers use to refer to an object) and showed that pictures with low agreement names induced more pauses and self-corrections than pictures with high agreement names. These authors considered grammatical gender, which is marked
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