Abstract
Abstract: Personal identification numbers are commonly utilized for user verification and enhanced security. When users authenticate passwords through PINs, they must be obligatory to physically input the PIN, making them susceptible to password cracking techniques like shoulder surfing or thermal tracking. In contrast, utilizing hands-off gaze-based PIN entry methods eliminates any physical traces, providing a significantly more secure option for password entry. Gaze-based authentication involves determining the eye location across consecutive image frames and continuously tracking the precise eye center.
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