Extremely fast folding of a very stable leucine zipper with a strengthened hydrophobic core and lacking electrostatic interactions between helices.

Abstract

The dimer interface of a leucine zipper involves hydrophobic as well as electrostatic interactions between the component helices. Here we ask how hydrophobic effects and electrostatic repulsion balance the rate of folding and thermodynamic stability of a designed dimeric leucine zipper formed by the acidic peptide A that contains four repeating sequence units, (abcdefg)4. The aliphatic a and d residues of peptide A were the same as in the GCN4 leucine zipper but the e and g positions were occupied by Glu, which prevented folding above pH 6 because of electrostatic repulsion. Leucine zipper A2 was formed by protonation of the e and g side chains with a sharp transition midpoint at pH 5.2. Folding could be described by a two-state transition from two unfolded random coil monomers to a coiled coil dimer. There was a linear relationship between the logarithm of the rate constants and the number of repulsive charges on the folded leucine zipper dimer. The same linear relationship applied to the free energy of unfolding and the number of repulsive charges at thermodynamic equilibrium. Fully protonated peptide A folded at a near diffusion-limited rate (kon = 3 x 10(8) M-1 s-1), and the free energy of folding was -55 kJ mol-1 at 25 degrees C. The present work shows that protonation of Glu in positions e and g increases both the folding rate and the stability of the leucine zipper in the absence of any interhelical electrostatic interactions. Protonated Glu is proposed to act like a nonpolar residue and to strengthen the hydrophobic core by folding back toward the core residues in the a and d positions. This effect adds more to the free energy of unfolding and to the rate of folding than maximizing the number of salt bridges across the helix interface in an electrostatically stabilized heterodimeric leucine zipper [Wendt, H., Leder, L., Härmä, H., Jelesarov, I., Baici, A., and Bosshard, H. R. (1997) Biochemistry 36, 204-213].