Extreme weather event disrupts reproduction of an isolated western spadefoot toad population, Pelobates cultripes (Cuvier, 1829), at its southern range limit

Abstract

Pelobates cultripes can be considered among those amphibians most affected by climate change in Spain. Its long larval period and predicted shorter pond hydroperiods in its temporary breeding ponds may ultimately reduce population recruitment. We conducted surveys during its breeding season 2021–2022 in order to analyse one of the last remaining urban populations in its southern limit (coastal Malaga province). We recorded a decrease in rainfall and an increase in temperature compared to previous years. Although the species shortened its larval period in comparison with that previously reported, no post–metamorphic juveniles were observed. This interruption in reproduc tion highlights the need for improved monitoring of these isolated amphibian populations as it could be an early warning sign of global changes in the Mediterranean region.