Abstract
Freak waves are unique phenomena that appear unexpectedly on the ocean surface. These waves are not only a danger to fishermen and yachtsmen, but are also capable of damaging large vessels and offshore and coastal structures. The available field measurements that provide insight into the origin and physics of freak waves are very limited. The main objective of the present study was to analyze a unique set of wave data comprising 19,025 wind-wave records from the southern Baltic Sea to provide information on the occurrence, parameters, and prevailing conditions of the formation of freak waves. The complex nature of freak waves was investigated by obtaining spectral and statistical parameters of freak-wave-prone sea states using a wide set of tools. The study revealed a large number of freak-type waves, including waves over 12 m high. The study indicates that these hazardous waves may even exceed 20 m during severe storms in the Baltic Sea. Multi-point wind-wave measurements are needed to provide more information about the physics of freak waves and to eventually develop a prediction or warning system to avoid casualties.
Highlights
Freak waves are probably the most dangerous type of waves that appear on the ocean surface
The number of extreme wave records corresponding to selected ranges of Hmax and Hs is presented in the form of histograms
This means that the extreme wave height is defined in such a way that it is the largest value among a particular sample of wave heights arbitrarily chosen from the population of wave heights
Summary
Freak waves are probably the most dangerous type of waves that appear on the ocean surface. Accidents and damages caused by extreme waves require a better understanding of the origin and physics of these hazardous waves. Knowledge on freak waves is indispensible for the development of a warning system against the attack of extreme waves on maritime structures or their impact on ships. Freak-type waves, usually defined as extreme waves of height exceeding twice the significant wave height, are probably one of the most complex phenomena occurring during extreme storms. Considerable progress has been made in modeling of freak waves, their origin, and physical properties.
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