Abstract
AbstractWe present the first Antarctic-wide analysis of extreme near-surface air temperatures based on data collected up to the end of 2019 as part of the synoptic meteorological observing programs. We consider temperatures at 17 stations on the Antarctic continent and nearby sub-Antarctic islands. We examine the frequency distributions of temperatures and the highest and lowest individual temperatures observed. The variability and trends in the number of extreme temperatures were examined via the mean daily temperatures computed from the 0000, 0600, 1200, and 1800 UTC observations, with the thresholds for extreme warm and cold days taken as the 5th and 95th percentiles. The five stations examined from the Antarctic Peninsula region all experienced a statistically significant increase (p < 0.01) in the number of extreme high temperatures in the late-twentieth-century part of their records, although the number of extremes decreased in subsequent years. For the period after 1979 we investigate the synoptic background to the extreme events using ECMWF interim reanalysis (ERA-Interim) fields. The majority of record high temperatures were recorded after the passage of air masses over high orography, with the air being warmed by the foehn effect. At some stations in coastal East Antarctica the highest temperatures were recorded after air with a high potential temperature descended from the Antarctic plateau, resulting in an air mass 5°–7°C warmer than the maritime air. Record low temperatures at the Antarctic Peninsula stations were observed during winters with positive sea ice anomalies over the Bellingshausen and Weddell Seas.
Highlights
The five stations examined from the Antarctic Peninsula region all experienced a statistically significant (p, 0.01) increase in extreme high temperatures in the late-twentiethcentury part of their records, the number of extremes decreased in subsequent years
Our investigation of extreme temperatures in the Antarctic has highlighted the importance of flow over orography in creating the conditions that lead to record high temperatures
It has been well known for some time that the foehn effect plays an important part in establishing the conditions that give very high temperatures at some stations around the Antarctic Peninsula
Summary
MARSHALL,a TONY PHILLIPS,a DAN BANNISTER,a AND STEVE COLWELLa a British Antarctic Survey, Natural Environment Research Council, Cambridge, United Kingdom (Manuscript received 13 July 2020, in final form 6 November 2020)
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