Extreme learning machine algorithm‐based model for lung cancer classification from histopathological real‐time images

Abstract

AbstractIn the present scenario, developing an automatic and credible diagnostic system to analyze lung cancer type, stage, and level from computed tomography (C.T.) images is a very challenging task, even for experienced pathologists, due to the nonuniform illumination and artifacts. The nonuniform illumination and artifacts are the low‐frequency changes in image intensity that arise from the sensor and the person's movement while recording the C.T. scanned images. Although numerous machine learning techniques are used to improve the effectiveness of automatic lung cancer diagnostic systems, the classification accuracy of these systems still needs significant improvement to satisfy the real‐time requirement of the diagnostic situations. A new extreme learning machine (ELM) algorithm‐based model (hereafter called XlmNet) is proposed to classify the histopathology scans effectively. XlmNet utilizes The Cancer Imaging Archive (TCIA) dataset. After data collection, the initial stage in XlmNet is preprocessing, including noise removal, histogram equalization, and quality‐improved image. The enhanced Profuse Clustering (EPC) method is implemented for segmenting the affected regions from C.T. scans by image segment using superpixel clustering. The statistical attributes are extracted by using Principal Component Analysis (PCA). ELM classifier helps in classifying the lung nodules. The empirical results of the XlmNet model are related to some advanced classifiers concerning performance metrics. The evaluations of XlmNet on the TCIA dataset reveal that XlmNet outperforms other classification networks with the Accuracy of 0.965, a sensitivity of 0.964, a specificity of 0.865, a precision of 0.962, a Jaccard similarity score (JSS) of 0.95.