Abstract
The ripening physiology of detached fruit is altered by low oxygen conditions with profound effects on quality parameters. To study hypoxia-related processes and regulatory mechanisms, apple (Malus domestica, cv Granny Smith) fruit, harvested at commercial ripening, were kept at 1°C under normoxic (control) and hypoxic (0.4 and 0.8 kPa oxygen) conditions for up to 60 days. NMR analyses of cortex tissue identified eight metabolites showing significantly different accumulations between samples, with ethanol and alanine displaying the most pronounced difference between hypoxic and normoxic treatments. A rapid up-regulation of alcohol dehydrogenase and pyruvate-related metabolism (lactate dehydrogenase, pyruvate decarboxylase, alanine aminotransferase) gene expression was detected under both hypoxic conditions with a more pronounced effect induced by the lowest (0.4 kPa) oxygen concentration. Both hypoxic conditions negatively affected ACC synthase and ACC oxidase transcript accumulation. Analysis of RNA-seq data of samples collected after 24 days of hypoxic treatment identified more than 1000 genes differentially expressed when comparing 0.4 vs. 0.8 kPa oxygen concentration samples. Genes involved in cell-wall, minor and major CHO, amino acid and secondary metabolisms, fermentation and glycolysis as well as genes involved in transport, defense responses, and oxidation-reduction appeared to be selectively affected by treatments. The lowest oxygen concentration induced a higher expression of transcription factors belonging to AUX/IAA, WRKY, HB, Zinc-finger families, while MADS box family genes were more expressed when apples were kept under 0.8 kPa oxygen. Out of the eight group VII ERF members present in apple genome, two genes showed a rapid up-regulation under hypoxia, and western blot analysis showed that apple MdRAP2.12 proteins were differentially accumulated in normoxic and hypoxic samples, with the highest level reached under 0.4 kPa oxygen. These data suggest that ripe apple tissues finely and specifically modulate sensing and regulatory mechanisms in response to different hypoxic stress conditions.
Highlights
IntroductionHypoxic (reduced oxygen level) or anoxic (complete absence of oxygen) conditions can occur in natural environments when the root system is flooded (waterlogging) or the whole plant is overwhelmed by water (submergence)
Hypoxic or anoxic conditions can occur in natural environments when the root system is flooded or the whole plant is overwhelmed by water
In this work we report data on the application of an integrated approach on apples kept under two levels of low oxygen concentrations throughout the initial 2 months of storage, when, in general, a strict control of the effects of the extremely low oxygen concentration is required for a successful dynamic CA (DCA) performance
Summary
Hypoxic (reduced oxygen level) or anoxic (complete absence of oxygen) conditions can occur in natural environments when the root system is flooded (waterlogging) or the whole plant is overwhelmed by water (submergence). A wealth of information is available on metabolic (in particular energy metabolism) responses, oxygen signaling mechanisms, and the transcriptional regulation occurring under low oxygen stress concerning the vegetative tissues of model species such as Arabidopsis and rice (van Dongen and Licausi, 2014). A common response among plant species to low oxygen availability is the activation of the fermentative pathways to sustain glycolysis in the absence of mitochondrial respiration, which results in the production of lactate or ethanol. In Arabidopsis, transcriptional adjustments to oxygen depletion are triggered by the ERF family group VII, which may act as an oxygen sensor in plants through the N-end rule pathway (NERP) for protein degradation (Gibbs et al, 2011; Licausi et al, 2011a; Licausi, 2012)
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