Abstract
Since the advent and release of Bio 40 (the first detergent with bacterial alkaline protease) in 1959, exploration of the microbial alkaline proteases has been exploited beyond expectations. The inventory of microbial alkaline proteases is difficult to draft as it is increasing daily. Most of these proteases are the result of studies in which one or a few isolates were targeted for an alkali-stable enzyme. Although, the worldwide research on microbial alkaline proteases has been widely performed, we still need an improved enzyme capable of catalyzing reactions under extreme conditions (also called as extremozymes), e.g., high alkalinity and salinity, anhydrous environment, cold and hot environment, etc. As the search for extremozymes is in progress, it is imperative to explore the extreme environments to get some novel microbial strains (extremophiles) for alkali-stable proteases. This review article is an effort to compile the scattered information on some extremophiles and their alkali-stable proteases, which may have better specific industrial applications. It includes: (i) various extreme environments relevant to industrial biocatalysts, (ii) strategies of extremophilic microbes and enzymes which make them able to tolerate such conditions, and (iii) an overview of some important work done so far to explore industrially relevant extremophilic enzymes from extremophiles
Highlights
Proteases are a complex group of enzymes which have immense physiological as well as commercial importance as they possess both degradative and synthetic properties
This review presents a brief account of the isolation, characteristics and application of alkaline proteases from extremophiles
Presence of acetone at any concentration reduced the protease activity completely. These findings indicate that the protease exhibited high stability against denaturation/unfolding in the presence of most of organic solvents [223]
Summary
Proteases are a complex group of enzymes which have immense physiological as well as commercial importance as they possess both degradative and synthetic properties They differ substantially in their origin, catalytic mechanism, substrate specificity and active site. Microbial alkaline proteases rule the worldwide enzyme market, accounting for nearly two-third share of the detergent industry [4]. To survive under extreme environments, microorganisms possess enzymes that function under extreme conditions Such extremophiles may be exploited for better and novel enzymes of enhanced industrial applications [6,7]. Hyperthermophiles are known to produce heat stable enzymes, having activity in temperature range of 80-115oC. Bacilli can be cultivated under extreme temperature and pH conditions to produce enzymes that are stable in a wide range of harsh environments. The optimal pH and temperature of partially purified enzyme activity were
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