Abstract
The efficiency of highly efficient blue, green, red, and white organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs) has been substantially advanced through the use of high surface-charge nanodots embedded in a nonemissive layer. For example, the blue OLED's markedly high initial power efficiency of 18.0 lm W(-1) at 100 cd m(-2) was doubled to 35.8 lm W(-1) when an amino-functionalized polymeric nanodot was employed. At high luminance, such as 1000 cd m(-2) used for illumination applications, the efficiency was improved from 12.4 to 21.2 lm W(-1), showing a significant enhancement of 71%. The incorporated highly charged nanodots are capable of effectively modulating the transportation of holes via a blocking or trapping mechanism, preventing excessive holes from entering the emissive layer and the resulting carrier-injection imbalance. Furthermore, in the presence of a high-repelling or dragging field arising from the highly charged nanodots, only those holes with sufficient energy are able to overcome the included barriers, causing them to penetrate deeper into the emissive layer. This penetration leads to carrier recombination over a wider region and results in a brighter emission and, therefore, higher efficiency.
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