Abstract
Planck, SPT, and ACT surveys have clearly demonstrated that Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB) experiments, while optimized for cosmological measurements, have made important contributions to the field of extragalactic astrophysics in the last decade. Future CMB experiments have the potential to make even greater contributions. One example is the detection of high-z galaxies with extreme gravitational amplifications. The combination of flux boosting and of stretching of the images has allowed the investigation of the structure of galaxies at z ≃ 3 with the astounding spatial resolution of about 60 pc. Another example is the detection of proto-clusters of dusty galaxies at high z when they may not yet possess the hot intergalactic medium allowing their detection in X-rays or via the Sunyaev-Zeldovich effect. Next generation CMB experiments, like PICO, CORE, CMB-Bharat from space and Simons Observatory and CMB-S4 from the ground, will discover several thousands of strongly lensed galaxies out to z ~ 6 or more and of galaxy proto-clusters caught in the phase when their member galaxies where forming the bulk of their stars. They will also detect tens of thousands of local dusty galaxies and thousands of radio sources at least up to z ≃ 5. Moreover they will measure the polarized emission of thousands of radio sources and of dusty galaxies at mm/sub-mm wavelengths.
Highlights
WMAP and even more Planck have already provided an exciting foretaste of the potential of space-borne Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB) experiments for extragalactic astrophysics
Next-generation ground-based experiments, extending the sky coverage up to 40% of the sky or more, will detect thousands of strongly lensed galaxies if their performances will be similar to those of the South Pole Telescope (SPT). If these experiments will be able to reach the confusion limit of a 6 m telescope operating at the diffraction limit (4–5 mJy), the number of strongly-lensed detections will increase to tens of thousands
Extrapolating the 8.4 GHz flux densities of the 18 z > 4 Flat Spectrum Radio Quasars (FSRQs) listed by Caccianiga et al (2019) using the measured 1.4–8.4 GHz spectral indices we find that a large fraction of them will be detected by these experiments, including the highest redshift blazar known, GB6J090631 + 693027 at z = 5.47
Summary
WMAP and even more Planck have already provided an exciting foretaste of the potential of space-borne Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB) experiments for extragalactic astrophysics. The PICO detection limits at the other frequencies were obtained by means of analytical extrapolations of results obtained from simulations done for the CORE project (De Zotti et al, 2018) These extrapolations were found to be consistent with the determinations based on degraded SPT maps and with the PCCS2 90% completeness limits in the “extragalactic zone.”. They overbear the number counts at wavelengths longer than about 1 mm while dusty galaxies prevail at shorter wavelengths
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