Abstract
This research aimed to extract mucilage polysaccharides (MP) from Amanita hemibapha subspecies javanica (Corner and Bas), and further fractionate them using anion-exchange chromatography, yielding two fractions (MPF1 and MPF2). The crude extract, and fractions mainly consisted of carbohydrates (83.5–93.2%) with minor amounts of proteins (5.40–7.20%), and sulphates (1.40–9.30%). Determination of the monosaccharide composition revealed that glucose was the major unit, followed by galactose, mannose, rhamnose, and arabinose. The average molecular weight (MW) of the crude extract and fractions was in the range 104.0–479.4 × 103 g/mol. Interestingly, the crude extract, and fractions did not cause any toxic effect in RAW264.7 cells. However, they stimulated the RAW264.7 cells to release nitric oxide and cytokines through the activation of nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB), and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathways via cell surface TLR4. Structural analysis of the most immunestimulating extract fraction, MPF2, revealed that the main backbone consisted of α-D-(1→6)-glucopyranoside. These results suggest that the MPs derived from A. hemibapha subspecies javanica (Corner and Bas) are potent in enhancing immunity; hence, they can be used as a functional ingredient in food products.
Highlights
Mushrooms are special groups of fungi, and there may be a particular growth of mushroom species associated with the seasons
The monosaccharide composition analysis showed that glucose (85.5%) was the main component of the crude polysaccharide, along with small amounts of galactose (6.80%), mannose (3.30%), xylose (1.10%), arabinose
The interaction of RAW264.7 cells with mucilage polysaccharide fraction 2 (MPF2) occurred through the cell surface receptor toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4), initiating the cascade activation of the NF-κB, and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathways
Summary
Mushrooms are special groups of fungi, and there may be a particular growth of mushroom species associated with the seasons. There has been recent interest in mushrooms to satisfy hunger or provide nutrition, and as a source of biologically active compounds of medicinal value. Their uses include complementary medicine or dietary supplements for anticancer, antiviral, immunostimulatory, hepatoprotective, and hypocholesterolaemic agents, which has urged a global market for natural foods consumed as dietary supplements [5]. Amanita hemibapha subspecies javanica (Corner and Bas) is an edible mushroom, and one of the most popular wild mushrooms in Thailand.
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