Abstract
Environmental pollution is one of the major concerns throughout the world. The rise of industrialization has increased the generation of waste materials, causing environmental degradation and threat to the health of living beings. To overcome this problem and effectively handle waste materials, proper management skills are required. Waste as a whole is not only waste, but it also holds various valuable materials that can be used again. Such useful materials or elements need to be segregated and recovered using sustainable recovery methods. Agricultural waste, industrial waste, and household waste have the potential to generate different value-added products. More specifically, the industrial waste like fly ash, gypsum waste, and red mud can be used for the recovery of alumina, silica, and zeolites. While agricultural waste like rice husks, sugarcane bagasse, and coconut shells can be used for recovery of silica, calcium, and carbon materials. In addition, domestic waste like incense stick ash and eggshell waste that is rich in calcium can be used for the recovery of calcium-related products. In agricultural, industrial, and domestic sectors, several raw materials are used; therefore, it is of high economic interest to recover valuable minerals and to process them and convert them into merchandisable products. This will not only decrease environmental pollution, it will also provide an environmentally friendly and cost-effective approach for materials synthesis. These value-added materials can be used for medicine, cosmetics, electronics, catalysis, and environmental cleanup.
Highlights
Every day we come across various types of waste in our life either in houses, working areas, industries, farms, etc
The waste produced in our houses, such as kitchen waste and incense stick ash can be categorized as household waste [1], whereas the waste produced from the agricultural practices, such as wheat straw [2,3], wheat husks [4], rice straw [5], rice husks [6], coconut shells [7], palms and dates [8], lemon peel [9], almond shells [10], etc., can be considered to be agricultural waste [11]
Eggshells [21,22,23] and poultry litter [24,25] can be categorized as poultry waste; most investigators have considered eggshells to belong to industrial waste
Summary
Every day we come across various types of waste in our life either in houses, working areas, industries, farms, etc. These waste materials can be kitchen waste, agricultural waste, industrial waste, or poultry waste. Among the above-mentioned types of waste, agricultural and industrial wastes raise major concerns for the environment, as millions of tons are produced every year around the world. Most of these waste materials are still disposed of via landfill [26,27], dumping, or disposal in water, creating pollution of the environment. This article reviews and discusses a variety of waste materials in detail, including silica, alumina, calcium oxides, carbonates, etc., along with their properties, applications, and methods for their recovery
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