Extraction of rare earths from bauxite residue (red mud) by dry digestion followed by water leaching

Abstract

In this work, the extraction of selected rare earth elements from bauxite residue by dry digestion method followed by water leaching was investigated. Kinetic studies performed with HCl and H2SO4 demonstrated that, at ambient temperatures, silica dissolution increases with increasing acid concentration, which leads to the formation of silica gel. Dissolution of silica is limited to less than 5 wt% by applying a two-step process: dry digestion of bauxite residue with HCl or H2SO4, followed by water leaching. The extraction of aluminium was low because of the low solubility of aluminosilicate compounds. The extraction of iron and titanium increased with increasing acid concentrations. High extraction of the rare-earth elements (REEs) were achieved with the HCl-based dry digestion method, but the concentration in the leachate was limited to approximately 6–8 mg L−1. About 40 wt% of scandium was recovered with a high co-dissolution of iron, due to the occurrence of scandium(III) ions in the lattice matrix of iron(III) oxide. Dry digestion method with multi-stage circulation of the acid leaching solution significantly increased the REEs concentration up to 20 mg L−1, while achieving an acid consumption of 788 g of HCl per kilogram of bauxite residue, and a significant reduction of water consumption (60%) relative to the single-stage acidic leaching method. The low water consumption allows to increase the filtration efficiency of the leach liquor due to the avoidance of silica gel formation.