Abstract
A study of supercritical fluid CO2 extraction of kaempferitrin (KM) and astragalin (KG) from Justicia spicigera (muicle) was conducted. A 33 Box-Behnken design was used to analyze the effects of pressure (200-300 bar), temperature (40-60° C), and co-solvent flow rate (0.5-1.0 mL/min). The highest KM and KG concentration were achieved at a pressure of 300 bar, a temperature of 60° C, and co-solvent flow rate of 1.0 mL/min (ethanol 99.5 %), with a constant CO2 flow rate of 5 mL/min and extraction time of 180 min. Under these conditions, the experimental values for KM and KG (115.08±2.81 and 56.63±9.02 mg/100 g of dry powder, respectively) were similar to those calculated by the models (109.0 and 44.07 mg/100 g of dry powder, respectively). The use of 70 % ethanol as co-solvent in the supercritical extraction process considerably improved the yields of KM and KG (562.71±156.85 and 79.90±18.03 mg/100 g of dry powder, respectively) compared to the 99.5 % ethanol extractions. The conventional extraction showed the highest yields of KM and KG (574.20±65.10 and 113.10±15.06 mg/100 g of dry powder, respectively) at 70° C and extraction time of 120 min. Adequate yields were achieved of KM and KG by supercritical fluid extraction compared with conventional extraction (98 and 70 %, respectively); therefore supercritical fluid extract of J. spicigera could be used in the development of functional foods, as well as its possible use in traditional medicine by the health professionals.
Highlights
The use of medicinal plants in alternative medicine to treat various ailments or diseases, continues to be a deeply rooted practice in Mexico [1,2,3]. One of these important plants is Justicia spicigera, an endemic plant from Mesoamerica that grows in Mexico, Central America, and some areas of the United States
The results showed a higher concentration of KM and KG (562.71±156.85 and 79.90±18.03 mg/100 g of dry powder, respectively) compared to the 99.5 % ethanol extractions
A positive correlation could be observed between KM and KG concentration, suggesting that the extraction conditions showed a similar effect in both compounds
Summary
The use of medicinal plants in alternative medicine to treat various ailments or diseases (respiratory, circulatory, digestive, genitourinary, musculoskeletal and nervous systems; endocrine, nutritional and metabolic diseases; injuries and intoxications; infectious and parasitic diseases; mental and behavioral disorders; skin and subcutaneous tissue disorders; neoplasms, carcinoma, and cancer), continues to be a deeply rooted practice in Mexico [1,2,3]. Several research shows that the extract (aqueous, ethanolic and methanolic) of J. spicigera leaves have antioxidant [6], antimicrobial [7], anticancer [8], antidiabetic [9], antiepileptic [10], and antidepressant properties [11]. These properties are due to the presence, mainly of phenolic and flavonoids compounds. There is little information about the extraction of kaempferol and its glycosides from J. spicigera, using supercritical fluids
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