Extraction of Copper from Aqueous Solution with Functional Ionic Liquids: Experiment and Theoretical Calculation

Abstract

This work studied the extraction of copper (II) ions from aqueous solution with thiourea-appended imidazolium hydrophobic ionic liquids and the extraction mechanism by experiment and theory. The influence of parameters affecting the extraction of copper ion, such as the metal ion concentrations, volume ratio between aqueous solution and ionic liquid, contact time, sodium chloride and pH, as well as alkyl chain length was analyzed. In the case of room temperature, the volume ratio between aqueous/IL phases was 50, the extraction efficiencies >95% could be obtained for copper ion with all the ionic liquids [CnMPSM][PF6] (n=4, 6, 8). The results also suggest that n=4 did the same work on the extraction efficiency with n=6 but higher than n=8, while pH and the salt in the solution had little effect on the extraction efficiency for the extraction with [HMPSM][PF6]. The grafted functional group significantly enhanced the extraction efficiency for Cu + from 20% to over 99% compared with traditional ILs. To the IL [HMPSM][PF6], the content of imidazolium cation in the aqueous solution before and after extraction with functional IL reduces from 1.24% to 0.85% which means the coordination effect between functional group and the metal ion restrains the release of [HMPSM] cation from functional IL to the aqueous solution, while it increases from 0.63% to 0.87% for traditional IL, which is consistent with the results caused by the cation exchange mechanism. In the theory part, the lanl2dz-ECP basis set was employed for transition metal Cu, whereas for the remaining atoms 6-31G (d,p) was applied, cation-anion interaction energies of the ILs and the binding energies between Cu (II) ion and the ILs were calculated, also the surface properties most-negative-surface electrostatic potential (Vs,min) and the lowest surface average local ionization energy (Īs,min), were determined by the Multiwfn 2.4 program. All the calculation results show that the sulfur atom from cation is easier to attract the metal ion electrostatically and covalently, thus leads to the high efficiency of extraction.