Abstract
The purpose of this study was to investigate the biological properties of an extract obtained from the waste of blueberry fruit. The study covered the optimization of extraction of antioxidants from blueberry pomace and the determination of antioxidant properties of the extract using HaCaT as the model organism. Research showed that the yield of antioxidants extraction from blueberry waste was dependent on the applied extraction conditions. Based on the mathematical models, the optimal conditions of extraction process in which the maximum quantity of antioxidant compounds is achieved from the waste mass unit, i.e., the relation of the waste mass to the volume of ethanol equal to 1:17.36, and process time equal to 1000 s. The obtained extract was characterized by high antioxidant activity, which was shaped by high content of polyphenols, mainly anthocyanins. Moreover, the extract showed a high ability to protect HaCaT cells from the occurrence of oxidative stress induced by H2O2. Cells treated with the extract and H2O2 generated a lower amount of ROS than cells treated with H2O2 only. The obtained results will be base of further studies on applying the extract in production of diet supplements and functional foods with increased antioxidant activity. Moreover, the main research material is blueberry pomace which is a troublesome waste material for juice producers. Consequently, according to a sustainable development idea, the study results will provide an opportunity to increase interest in the problem of rational use of the waste material to a certain extent.
Highlights
IntroductionBerries, including blueberries, have a high antioxidant potential as these fruit contain plenty of polyphenol compounds, mainly anthocyanins (You et al 2011)
It is common knowledge that a well-designed diet that supplies adequate amounts of fruit and vegetables is an important way to prevent the development of cardiovascular conditions, neurodegenerative diseases, cancers, diabetes, and other lifestyleBerries, including blueberries, have a high antioxidant potential as these fruit contain plenty of polyphenol compounds, mainly anthocyanins (You et al 2011)
The Response Surface Methodology (RSM) method is a set of mathematical and statistical tools that enable determination of the influence of many factors on the dependent variables, mutual interactions between factors and of the optimal parameters of a given process based on regression analysis and analysis of variance (Piechowiak et al 2020a)
Summary
Berries, including blueberries, have a high antioxidant potential as these fruit contain plenty of polyphenol compounds, mainly anthocyanins (You et al 2011). Polyphenols have the capacity to bind free radicals, minimizing the oxidant modifications to cellular components; such modifications impair the function of cells, causing them to mutate and die. Polyphenol compounds chelate the ions of metals that initiate oxidation processes (Routray and Orsat 2011; Norberto et al 2013). Many scientific contributions indicate that anthocyanins from blueberry fruit have strong anti-inflammatory, antithrombotic, antimicrobial, antibiofim, and antiadhesive properties, as well as a high capacity to reduce LDL cholesterol levels (Seeram et al 2006; Routray and Orsat 2011; Khalifa et al 2015; Silva et al 2016)
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