Abstract
Over recent years, the food industry has striven to reduce waste, mostly because of rising awareness of the detrimental environmental impacts of food waste. While the edible oils market (mostly represented by soybean oil) is forecasted to reach 632 million tons by 2022, there is increasing interest to produce non-soybean, plant-based oils including, but not limited to, coconut, flaxseed and hemp seed. Expeller pressing and organic solvent extractions are common methods for oil extraction in the food industry. However, these two methods come with some concerns, such as lower yields for expeller pressing and environmental concerns for organic solvents. Meanwhile, supercritical CO2 and enzyme-assisted extractions are recognized as green alternatives, but their practicality and economic feasibility are questioned. Finding the right balance between oil extraction and phytochemical yields and environmental and economic impacts is challenging. This review explores the advantages and disadvantages of various extraction methods from an economic, environmental and practical standpoint. The novelty of this work is how it emphasizes the valorization of seed by-products, as well as the discussion on life cycle, environmental and techno-economic analyses of oil extraction methods.
Highlights
The sustainability and valorization of by-products have become an important focus of the food industry over the past few years
The purpose of this review is to explore the advantages and disadvantages of oil extraction methods of seeds from the lens of sustainability and food waste reduction, as well as life cycle, environmental impact and techno-economic analyses
Extrusion has been used as pretreatment prior to expeller pressing of soybean oil, extracting over 70% of oil compared to single-step expelling, which yielded 60% [24]
Summary
The sustainability and valorization of by-products have become an important focus of the food industry over the past few years. According to the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) of the United Nations, every year, approximately 1.3 billion tons, equivalent to 30% of total food production, is wasted globally This volume of food waste is worth USD 750 million. A whopping 20% of oilseeds, which come from crops such as sunflowers grown to produce edible oil, are lost during agricultural production and postharvest handling and storage [6,7] This is a tremendous amount, considering that global oilseed production was forecasted to reach 632 million tons during 2021–2022, and is expected to be worth USD 162.5 billion by 2025 [8,9]. Processors are aiming to reduce all forms of seed-related waste by applying various strategies including but not limited to valorizing by-products by extracting residual phytochemicals or oil for the food, cosmetic, or pharmaceutical industries. The purpose of this review is to explore the advantages and disadvantages of oil extraction methods of seeds from the lens of sustainability and food waste reduction, as well as life cycle, environmental impact and techno-economic analyses
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