Abstract

Cyanotoxins are chemical compounds produced by cyanobacterial mats grown in aquatic ecosystems. These may threaten human health and aquatic organisms. Extraction of these toxins is usually associated with many difficulties due to their concentration in aquatic ecosystems. This study is designed to provide suitable and effective extraction procedures that can effectively extract low concentration cyanotoxin from water and bacterial cells. The methodology is based on collecting raw material of cyanobacterial mats from naturally growing sites such as Wadi Gaza along with 16 liters of aquatic surrounding media. The materials were left in the Lab for 24 - 48 h for stabilization of the mats. The floating mats were collected using special funnel and allowed to air drying. The aqueous phase was extracted by liquid/liquid extraction using solvent mixture (hexane + ethylacetate 10% w:w), and by liquid solid extraction using several types of organoclays complexes. The solid phase was extracted by acetone and ultrasonic device. Results showed some difficulties were associated with liquid/liquid extraction whereas effective and easy extraction procedures were obtained by liquid solid extraction using either organoclay complex or activated charcoal. In contrast combination of both solid materials did not show improvement in the extracted cyanotoxin. Thus we recommend the use of organoclays or activated charcoal separately for extracting cyanotoxin. Further improvement of extraction can be tailored by using a specific organoclay complex that has some similarity in the chemical structure between the pre-adsorbed organic cation to the clay mineral and the chemical structure of cyanotoxin.

Highlights

  • Cyanotoxins are different types of metabolites produced by cyanobacterial mats growing in naturally occurring ecosystems

  • The reason behind collecting water for the same location of collecting the cyanobacterial mats is that the concentration of excyanotoxin is nearly high closing to the cluster of cyanobacterial community and tends to decease far away

  • The cluster of cyanobacterial community may have released fresh cyanotoxin that are not exposed to sunlight and undergo photochemical degradation

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Summary

Introduction

Cyanotoxins are different types of metabolites produced by cyanobacterial mats growing in naturally occurring ecosystems These toxins are classified as either exotoxins or endotoxins. Chen et al, [11] studied the effectiveness of Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid, EDTA-sodium pyrophosphate solution for extraction procedure for microcystins in soils and lake sediments They emphasized the use of EDTA-sodium pyrophosphate solution as an extraction solvent. Zervou et al, [12] investigated the use of SPE-LC-MS/MS method for determination of cyanobacterial toxin They emphasized the following extraction parameters (cartridge material, initial sample pH, sequence of the cartridges) in the SPE assembly as well as composition and volume of the elution solvent

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