Abstract
Nine microorganisms, comprising of four bacteria, Erwinia carotovora, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Serratia marcescens, Klebsiella oxytoca and five fungi, Rhizopus stolonifera, Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus flavus, Fusarium oxysporum and Penicillium marneffei, isolated from rotten yam tubers of 2016 harvest year, were treated with ten plants extracts (Passiflora edulis, Daniella oliveri, Ceiba pentandra, Jatropha tanjorensis, Azadrichta indica, Carica papaya, Moringa oleifera, Mangifera indica, Terminalia catapa and Senna alata), singly and synergistically by incorporation of extract in media for inhibition test. Two plant extracts singly and completely inhibited the growth of three organisms: Terminalia catapa at 100% and 10-1 showed complete inhibition (a) of Erwinia carotovora. Passiflora edulis at undiluted (100%) concentration completely inhibited Rhizopus stolonifer and Penicillium marneffei, respectively. Synergistic plant extract recorded complete inhibition (a) of all the four bacteria isolates at 2 mL extract incorporation; ten (10) mL extract incorporation in media recorded complete inhibition (a) of three out of the five fungi isolates: Rhizopus stolonifer, Fusarium oxysporum and Penicillium marneffei, respectively; the other two fungi recorded high inhibition (b) of Aspergillus niger and Aspergillus flavus, respectively. Hot aqueous synergistic plants extract recorded poor inhibition of the isolates as compared to the cold. Soxhlet solvent extracted synergistic plants extract, however, recorded lower inhibition as compared to hot aqueous synergistic plants extract and cold aqueous synergistic plants extracts. Room temperature solvent extracted synergistic plants extracts recorded inhibition that was same as that obtained with cold aqueous synergistic plants extract. This research indicates that heat employed extractions recorded less inhibition activity.
Highlights
The use of plant extract for treatment of ailment is preferred or recommended in fighting microbial infections instead of synthetic antimicrobial drugs that most microorganisms pathogenic to humans and perhaps even those pathogenic to plants are presently becoming resistant to [1]-[10]
Room temperature solvent extracted synergistic plants extracts recorded inhibition that was same as that obtained with cold aqueous synergistic plants extract
Passiflora edulis at undiluted (100%) concentration completely inhibited Rhizopus stolonifer and Penicillium marneffei; high inhibition was obtained in Rhizopus stolonifer and Penicillium marneffei at 10−1 dilution along with Aspergillus flavus and Fusarium oxysporum at undiluted concentrations
Summary
The use of plant extract for treatment of ailment is preferred or recommended in fighting microbial infections instead of synthetic antimicrobial drugs that most microorganisms pathogenic to humans and perhaps even those pathogenic to plants are presently becoming resistant to [1]-[10]. The antimicrobial properties of plants have been investigated by researchers globally. In Latin America, a research tested 122 known plant species used for therapeutic treatments in Argentina [9] [12]. Research work conducted revealed that the substances extracted from nine known plants in Uruguai did not show any activity against C. albicans and Saccharomyces cerevisiae, but inhibited the growth of Bacillus subtilis, E. coli and P. aeruginosa [9] [14] [15] [16]. Plants are rich in a wide variety of secondary metabolites such as tannins, terpenoids, alkaloids, flavonoids, glycosides, amongst others, which have been found in vitro to have antimicrobial properties [22] [23]
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