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Abstract
Marine macroalgae is known to be a good source of mycosporine-like amino acids (MAAs), especially red macroalgae. As a new type of active substance with commercial development prospects, the current progress in the extraction, isolation and characterization of MAAs is far from sufficient in terms of effectiveness in application. To determine the extraction processes of MAAs from four species of red macroalgae (Bangia fusco-purpurea, Gelidium amansii, Gracilaria confervoides, and Gracilaria sp.), a series of single-factor and orthogonal experiments were carried out in which the effects of solvents, the solid–liquid ratio, the time of extraction, the extraction degree and the temperature, on the yields of MAA extracts, were analyzed. Further, the isolation and identification of MAAs from Bangia fusco-purpurea and Gracilaria sp. were investigated. The results showed that the solid–liquid ratio, the time of extraction, the extraction degree and the temperature were 1:20 g/mL, 2 h, three times and 40 °C, respectively, when 25% methanol or 25% ethanol were used as the extraction solvent; these values were found to be suitable for the extraction of MAAs from four species of red macroalgae. Silica gel thin-layer chromatography was successfully used, for the first time, for the detection MAAs in this work, and it could be clearly seen that Bangia fusco-purpurea had the highest contents of MAAs among the four species of red macroalgae. MAA extracts from Bangia fusco-purpurea (or Gracilaria sp.) were isolated by silica gel column chromatography to obtain one fraction (or two fractions). The compositions and proportions of the MAAs in these fractions were determined via HPLC-ESI-MS spectra and by comparison with existing studies. Shinorine, palythine and porphyra-334 were found in 95.4% of the T1 fraction, and palythenic acid was found in 4.6% of this fraction, while shinorine, palythine and porphyra-334 were found in 96.3% of the J1 fraction, palythenic acid was found in 3.7% of the J2 fraction, and palythine was found in 100% of the J2 fraction, taken from the MAA extracts found in Bangia fusco-purpurea and Gracilaria sp., respectively. In addition, the relevant compositions and proportions of the MAA extracts taken from Gelidium amansii and Gracilaria confervoides were identified. This was the first study to report on the extraction process, isolation and identification of MAAs from Bangia fusco-purpurea, Gelidium amansii, Gracilaria confervoides, and Gracilaria sp.
Highlights
Mycosporine-like amino acids (MAAs) are UV-absorbing compounds with their main absorption maxima wavelengths between 310 nm and 360 nm [1]
The results showed that the optimized extraction processes of MAAs from four red macroalgae were different, and that the effects of the four factors on the extraction of the MAAs were different (Table 1)
The calculation of the yield of MAAs was as follows: Yield of MAA extracts (%) = 100%×the quality of MAA extracts (DW, g)/ the quality of red macroalgae powder (DW, g). (2) The solid–liquid ratio, the time of extraction, the extraction degree and the temperature The extraction process was carried out according to the method described above. the level of experimental factors was set according to Table 4
Summary
Mycosporine-like amino acids (MAAs) are UV-absorbing compounds with their main absorption maxima wavelengths between 310 nm and 360 nm [1]. Research on MAAs has undergone considerable development during the last. Research on MAAs has undergone considerable development during the last 3300 yyeeaarrss [[44––1111]],, ppaarrtitcicuulalarlrylyinintertmersmosf tohfeitrhediirstdriibsutrtiibount[i4o–n6][,4p–r6o],peprrtoiepse[r4t,i6e]s, a[4n,d6]c,haenmdicchaelmchicaarlaccthearrizaacttieorniz[a4t,i7o,n8],[4in,7a,8d]d, iitnioandtdoitoitohnertoaroetahse[r9–a1r1e]a.sM[9A–A11s]a. .OOrdrdeerereddddisitsrtirbibuutitoionnoof fMMAAAAcoconntetnentstspprerseesnetnat ta>t >33mmgg/g/gininrerdedmmacarcoraolgalagea(ed(adtaatfarofrmom rereppoorrttssccoolllleecctteeddiinnWWeebb ooff SScciieennccee,, SSpprriinnggeerr,,GGoooogglleeSScchhoolalarraannddCCNNKKI Iddaatatabbasaessesfrformom19199999toto2019). ItItisisddififffiiccuultlt ttoo oobbttaaiinn hhiigghh--ppuurriittyy MMAAAAss bbyy eexxttrraaccttiioonn aanndd iissoollaattiioonn bbeeccaauussee ooff ththeeirirsstrtroonnggwwaatteerrssoolulubbiliiltiyty. Extraction Process of MAAs from Four Species of Red Macroalgae 2.1.1. MAAs are a class of water-soluble compounds, and are often used with polar solvents in extraction processes, such as aqueous methanol or ethanol. Three different solvents (25% methanol, 25% ethanol, and distilled water) were used in the extraction of MAAs from Bangia fusco-purpurea, Gelidium amansii, Gracilaria confervoides, and Gracilaria sp
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