Abstract
Ionic liquid‐based ultrasonic‐assisted extraction (IL‐UAE) was developed to extract and separate the isochlorogenic acid C (ICGA) from a cultivar of Chrysanthemum morifolium (Chrysanthemummorifolium Ra Tnat.). The influencing parameters, including IL concentration, liquid‐to‐solid ratio, and ultrasonic time, were optimized using response surface methodology. Of the ILs studied, 1‐butyl‐3‐methylimidazolium bromide [(Bmim)Br] exhibited the best extraction ability. The optimized conditions included liquid‐to‐solid ratio of 23.44:1, ultrasonic time of 48.99 min, and IL concentration of 0.65 mol/L. Under the optimal conditions, the extraction yield of ICGA could reach to 4.20 mg/g. An aqueous two‐phase system was applied for purification and separation of ICGA. The maximum extraction efficiency of 98.18% was obtained under the conditions of (NH 4)2 SO 4 of 4.5 g, pH of 3.0, and a temperature of 20°C at aqueous solution. Furthermore, the thermodynamic parameters showed that the purification of ICGA from salt‐rich phase to IL‐rich phase was a spontaneous and exothermic process. The results indicated that the proposed system is simple, rapid, and effective to serve as a viable and sustainable platform for the extraction and purification of ICGA from Chrysanthemum morifolium flowers.
Highlights
Chrysanthemum morifolium flowers (Chrysanthemummorifolium Ra Tnat.) are one of the commonly used herb plants and traditional medicines in China
Ionic liquid-based aqueous two-phase system (IL-Aqueous two-phase system (ATPS)), which is developed by Gutowski et al (2003), is usually composed of hydrophilic ionic liquids (ILs) and inorganic salts, and IL-ATPS has been widely applied as a more efficient and greener way for extraction and purification in one single procedure of various compounds, such as food additives and veterinary pesticides of agricultural products (Fan et al, 2014), pharmaceutical biomolecules (Tan, Li, Xu, & Xing, 2012), biochemical esterase (Lee, Khoiroh, Ling, & Show, 2017), heavy metal ions (Zheng, Tong, Wang, Zhang, & Yang, 2015), and protein (Tan et al, 2012)
A maximum extraction yield of 4.2065 mg/g and a extraction efficiency of 98.12% were obtained under the optimal conditions of Ionic liquid-based ultrasonic-assisted extraction (IL-UAE)-ATPS with the liquid-to-solid ratio of 23.44, ultrasonic time of 48.99 min, IL concentration of 0.65 mol/L, (NH4)2SO4 of 4.5 g, pH of 3.0, and extraction temperature of 20°C
Summary
Chrysanthemum morifolium flowers (Chrysanthemummorifolium Ra Tnat.) are one of the commonly used herb plants and traditional medicines in China. Aqueous two-phase system (ATPS), which is usually composed of polymer/polymer, polymer/salt, or salt/salt, has been recognized as an economical and efficient processing method (Atefi, Joshi, Mann, & Tavana, 2015) Ionic liquid-based aqueous two-phase system (IL-ATPS), which is developed by Gutowski et al (2003), is usually composed of hydrophilic ILs and inorganic salts, and IL-ATPS has been widely applied as a more efficient and greener way for extraction and purification in one single procedure of various compounds, such as food additives and veterinary pesticides of agricultural products (Fan et al, 2014), pharmaceutical biomolecules (Tan, Li, Xu, & Xing, 2012), biochemical esterase (Lee, Khoiroh, Ling, & Show, 2017), heavy metal ions (Zheng, Tong, Wang, Zhang, & Yang, 2015), and protein (Tan et al, 2012).
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