Extraction and Preconcentration of Some Triazole Pesticides in Grape Juice by Salting Out Homogeneous Liquid–Liquid Extraction in a Narrow-Bore Tube Prior to Their Determination by Gas Chromatography–Flame Ionization Detection

Abstract

A fast and simple extraction and preconcentration method for some triazole pesticides has been developed using a homogeneous liquid–liquid extraction method performed in a narrow-bore tube. The extraction is based on phase separation of a water-miscible organic solvent from aqueous solution in the presence of a salting out agent. In this work, the homogeneous solution of water and acetonitrile (water-soluble extraction solvent) was broken by addition of 30 %, w/v, sodium chloride (salting out agent). After sonication, a small volume of acetonitrile was collected on top of the tube and the extracted analytes in the collected phase were determined by gas chromatography–flame ionization detection. The effect of various experimental parameters including kind and volume of the water-soluble organic solvent, amount of salt, length and diameter of tube, and pH of sample solution was investigated. Under the optimum conditions, calibration graphs were linear over the range of 3–5,000 μg L−1. Relative standard deviations were less than 5.4 % for six repeated determinations (C = 100 μg L−1). Furthermore, the limits of detection (S/N = 3) and quantification (S/N = 10) were obtained in the ranges of 0.60–4.8 and 1.9–16 μg L−1, respectively. This method is very simple and rapid, requiring less than 10 min for sample preparation. It has been successfully utilized for the analysis of triazole pesticides in the grape juice samples.