Abstract
Examination of Blood and saliva samples in forensic investigation is now become crucial part of judiciary as it can be useful for the identification of an individual. Individual can be identified from such biological samples by blood grouping as well as DNA analysis. In the study isolation of microorganisms was done from different surfaces having highest possibility of presence of biological evidence, Gram staining and morphological characterization of microorganisms was done, the extraction of toxin from toxin producing microorganism which was determined by the zone of hemolysis on blood agar media was done by ammonium sulphate and sodium azide method. Purification was done and confirmation of toxin was done by ditch method, TLC & SDS-PAGE. Effect of toxin on blood was examined by Drabkin’s method for determining hemolytic unit. Effect of hemolysin on saliva was examined by starch hydrolysis test as well as loss of an antimicrobial Property of saliva. As the toxin isolated is hemolysin toxin means it degrades the blood, but in the study we observed the effect of the hemolysin toxin on saliva as well. As mentioned in results blood samples loses its ABO blood grouping activity as it got affected by toxin. Saliva was also highly affected by toxin isolated, as the saliva loses the amylase activity and antimicrobial activity as well. The study is significant in cases where blood and saliva may found as crucial evidence. As RBCs and surface antigens got degraded by hemolysin blood as evidence may be undetectable by presumptive test and may give false results. Saliva samples also become untraceable during the presumptive test as loses its amylase activity.
Highlights
Hemolysin toxins are mainly of four types, α-hemolysin, β-hemolysin, γhemolysin and δ-Hemolysin. α-Hemolysin is the most characterized virulence factor of S. aureus
As the toxin isolated is hemolysin toxin means it degrades the blood, but in the study we observed the effect of the hemolysin toxin on saliva as well
Saliva was highly affected by toxin isolated, as the saliva loses the amylase activity and antimicrobial activity as well
Summary
Hemolysin toxins are mainly of four types, α-hemolysin, β-hemolysin, γhemolysin and δ-Hemolysin. α-Hemolysin is the most characterized virulence factor of S. aureus. Sphingomyelinase treatment of synthetic lipid bilayers leads to aggregation of cholesterol-rich microdomains (Ira J and Johnston L J, 2008), suggesting that cell death may result from the modification of host cell plasma membrane fluidity and destabilization of the bilayer structure. Cell death might result from the formation of large ceramide-rich signaling platforms This class of membrane-damaging peptides was identified over 60 years ago with the purification of δ-hemolysin (Wiseman, 1975). Study is done to determine the effect of hemolysin toxin on blood and saliva samples and the extent of effect. Once the effect of hemolysin on forensically important blood and saliva samples will be known false results and wrong identification of an individual can be overcome
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