Extracting Travelers’ Preferences toward Electric Vehicles Using the Theory of Planned Behavior in Lahore, Pakistan

Panuwat Joyklad,Muhammad Abdullah,Krisada Chaiyasarn,Syed Arif Hussain Shah,Qudeer Hussain,Nazam Ali,Muhammad Ashraf Javid

doi:10.3390/su14031909

Abstract

The high use of gasoline and diesel vehicles results in environmental pollution and loss of natural resources. The use of electric vehicles can be socially beneficial and reduce air pollution. In this research study, the main aims are to identify the potential of Electric Vehicles (EVs) in Pakistan using a Stated Preferences (SP) survey. An SP questionnaire was designed using the theoretical framework of the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB). This questionnaire consisted of travelers’ personal and travel characteristics and various statements designed to address the variables of TPB such as Attitudes Towards the Electric Vehicles, Subjective Norms (SN), Perceived Behavioral Control (PBC), and Behavioral Intentions (BI). The behavior items were designed in the context of travelers’ willingness to buy and use EVs. Confirmatory Factor Analyses (CFAs) were conducted to validate the designed hypotheses related to the variables of TPB. The cross-analysis revealed that there are variations in responses across different occupations, trip distances, travel modes, and vehicle ownership. The developed structural models showed that the Attitudes and PBC have a positive influence on BI and PBC, which also have a direct impact on travelers’ willingness to use EV. The SN, PBC, and Attitudes are significant predictors of behavioral intentions in the willingness to buy EV and PBC is not a direct predictor of travelers’ willingness to buy an EV. The BI acts as a mediator to explain the indirect effects of Attitudes, SN, and PBC on willingness to purchase and use an EV. In the end, a framework is also proposed for the behavior-related interventions to promote the EVs considering the socio-economic context of Pakistan.

Highlights

Ambient air quality has been deteriorating around the world, in developing countries
Keeping in view the emerging market and potential of Electric Vehicles (EVs), this study aims at modeling the people’s intentions to buy and use EVs in Lahore, Pakistan using the theory of planned behavior
The results showed that Subjective Norms (SN), Perceived Behavioral Control (PBC), and environmental-economic attributes were positively related to battery electric vehicles (BEVs) purchase intentions with PBC being the strongest predictor

Summary

Introduction

Ambient air quality has been deteriorating around the world, in developing countries. The transportation sector is among the major sources of greenhouse gas emissions and particulate matter causing air pollution [1,2,3]. The increasing number of vehicles gives rise to congestion, which is associated with high emission levels. In general, and the pollution caused by traffic congestion, in particular, poses significant health risks and a further increase in traffic may aggravate the situation [6]. Emissions caused by conventional vehicles increase personal exposure to various kinds of air pollutants. Those exposed to high levels of traffic pollution, such as traffic wardens and shopkeepers near major roads, may experience respiratory symptoms [7]. Air pollution is linked with cardiovascular dysfunctions, childhood asthma, and cancer [8,9]

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