Abstract
Microalga is known to grow at high rates and thrive in the non-arable land. It is also the most favorable feedstock for an affordable and sustainable supply of food and oil which can produce significant oil yield in less area. Its oil is considered as functional oil with great commercial potential, rich in beneficial fatty acids composition. Data from archaeological discoveries indicate that humans have developed on a diet that had a ratio of about 1/1 of omega-6, (ω-6) to omega-3, (ω-3) fatty acids. Western and Malaysian diets are deficient in ω-3 as both have greater ω-6/ ω-3 ratio. In this study, Nannochloropsis oculata, (N. oculata) is used as an alternative source for edible oil application and the lipids are extracted via both conventional extraction (CE) and microwave-assisted extraction (MWE). The lipid yield was determined by the gravimetric technique and GC-FID was used to identify the fatty acid methyl ester profiles. Findings revealed the CE technique is more appropriate to be used when extracting lipids from N. oculata for edible oil production. Both techniques are successful in extracting the two most important types of fatty acids (C16 and C18). The lipids produced also comprise of specific valuable fatty acids such as arachidonic acid (ARA) and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) but do not produce trans-fatty acid. This edible oil obtained has a healthier ratio (~ 1) of ω-6/ ω-3 for the human diet. Thus, N. oculata has the potential to be used as a source of edible oil.
Highlights
Several sources of evidence indicate that human beings developed on a diet that had a ratio of about 1/1 of ω-6 to ω-3 fatty acids; while today, Western diets have a ratio of 10/1 to 20-25/1 and Malaysian diets is about 3.5/0.35, i.e. 10 [1] suggesting that compared to the diet on which humans evolved and their genetic patterns were formed, Western and Malaysian diets are deficient in ω-3
The Fourier Transfer Infrared (FTIR) was conducted to estimate the existence of lipid content in N. oculata powder
Based on numbers of the previous studies, most of FTIR analysis detected the presence of lipid at a wavenumber of 1723 – 2916 cm-1 [27], [28]
Summary
Several sources of evidence indicate that human beings developed on a diet that had a ratio of about 1/1 of ω-6 to ω-3 fatty acids; while today, Western diets have a ratio of 10/1 to 20-25/1 and Malaysian diets is about 3.5/0.35, i.e. 10 [1] suggesting that compared to the diet on which humans evolved and their genetic patterns were formed, Western and Malaysian diets are deficient in ω-3. Deforestation making way for oil palm plantation has led to climate change. In view of this issue, many attempts were conducted to overcome these problems. In line with these efforts, this study proposes the use of microalgae as an alternative source for cooking oil. Microalgae is potentially a good source of food because it is fast growing, has high crop yield per area, high efficiency in carbon dioxide capture and solar energy conversion. Microalgae are not a food competitor with agricultural crops as they can be produced concomitantly
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