Extract of Xylopia aethiopica and its kaurene diterpene, xylopic acid, improve learning and memory in mice

Abstract

BackgroundCognitive dysfunction, presenting as learning and memory impairment, is a common manifestation in many chronic diseases of the nervous system. Some of these diseases include depression, epilepsy, and Alzheimer’s disease. To date, few drugs or medicinal products have shown ability to improve learning and memory deficits. Neuroprotection is one of the mechanisms by which memory could be improved. The extract of Xylopia aethiopica and its kaurene derivative, xylopic acid, have previously demonstrated neuroprotective effects in animal models. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of an extract of Xylopia aethiopica fruit and xylopic acid, on learning and memory using murine models.Materials and methodsUnripe Xylopia aethiopica fruits were collected, dried, and extracted using 70% v/v ethanol. Xylopic acid was isolated from the fruits using petroleum ether, concentrated with ethyl acetate and then recrystallized with petroleum ether before purifying with ethanol (96%v/v). Institute of Cancer Research (ICR) mice received oral doses of the extract of Xylopia aethiopica (XAE; 30, 100 and 300 mg/kg), xylopic acid (XA; 30, 100 and mg/kg), citicoline (300 mg/kg), piracetam (300 mg/kg) or ketamine (30 mg/kg) and saline (vehicle). The animals were then taken through the Morris water maze test (MWM), spontaneous alternation Y-maze test (Y-maze), and novel object recognition test (NOR), to assess learning and memory.ResultsIn the NOR test, XAE (30, 100 and 300 mg/kg) and XA (30, 100 and 300 mg/kg) increased the percentage exploration and recognition index (p = 0.0005 and p < 0.0001, respectively) when compared to both vehicle and ketamine groups. Similarly, doses of XAE and XA as used in the NOR test increased the percentage alternation in the Y-maze test. Although XAE and XA treatments decreased the latencies to find hidden platform in the MWM test, it was not significantly different from the vehicle group. However, this decrease in latency differed significantly when compared to the ketamine group. Interestingly, both XAE and XA treatments increased the percentage frequency to the target quadrant in the probe trial of the MWM. It is noteworthy that in all the three models used, both the extract and xylopic acid performed better than piracetam and citicoline, the reference drugs.ConclusionThe ethanolic extract of Xylopia aethiopica fruit and xylopic acid improved exploratory learning and recognition memory, spatial working, recognition, and reference memories in the behavioral tests.