Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation to Support Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation in a Sheep Model of Refractory Ischaemic Cardiac Arrest

Abstract

Background: Survival after cardiac arrest in the field remains limited. It is therefore imperative to develop new resuscitation techniques. We aimed to determine the potential role of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation assisted CPR (ECPR) in an animal model of refractory ischemic cardiac arrest. Methods: Twelve sheep were assigned to either ECPR (n = 6) or ‘conventional’ (n = 6) resuscitation. All sheep had coronary occlusion, followed by induction of ventricular fibrillation. CPR was than commenced for 10 min in both groups, followed by randomisation to ECPR or CPR for a further 10 min. At 23 min post induction of VF, advanced life support measures were commenced with direct cardioversion, adrenaline and amiodarone. Outcomes measures included rates of return of spontaneous circulation (ROSC), and analysis of VF wave form. Results: Baseline haemodynamics were similar between the two groups. CPR consistently produced coronary perfusion pressures (CPP) greater than 15 mmHg in both groups, with significantly increased CPP post commencement of ECMO in the ECPR group (17.84 ± 2 mmHg vs 22.94 ± 3 mmHg, p = 0.04). Number of shocks, pH, lactate and oxygenation were also comparable. Significantly greater rates of ROSC were seen in the ECPR sheep, 3/6 (50%) vs 0/6 (0%) (p = 0.032), which was also associated with significantly increased VF amplitude measures (0.51 ± 0.02Mv vs 0.42 ± 0.04Mv, p = 0.04). Conclusions: This study indicates that ECPR provides a valuable adjunct to the management of patients with refractory VF arrest. Our findings have supported the development of a pilot trial into the effectiveness and feasibility of ECPR in the clinical setting.