Abstract
Renal cell carcinoma (RCC) is the most common type of kidney cancer. Increasingly evidences indicate that extracellular vesicles (EVs) orchestrate multiple processes in tumorigenesis, metastasis, immune evasion, and drug response of RCC. EVs are lipid membrane-bound vesicles in nanometer size and secreted by almost all cell types into the extracellular milieu. A myriad of bioactive molecules such as RNA, DNA, protein, and lipid are able to be delivered via EVs for the intercellular communication. Hence, the abundant content of EVs is appealing reservoir for biomarker identification through computational analysis and experimental validation. EVs with excellent biocompatibility and biodistribution are natural platforms that can be engineered to offer achievable drug delivery strategies for RCC therapies. Moreover, the multifaceted roles of EVs in RCC progression also provide substantial targets and facilitate EVs-based drug discovery, which will be accelerated by using artificial intelligence approaches. In this review, we summarized the vital roles of EVs in occurrence, metastasis, immune evasion, and drug resistance of RCC. Furthermore, we also recapitulated and prospected the EVs-based potential applications in RCC, including biomarker identification, drug vehicle development as well as drug target discovery.
Highlights
Renal cell carcinoma, or RCC for short, is one of the most common type of urological cancers that represents ∼90% of all kidney malignancies [1]
extracellular vesicles (EVs) can be broadly divided into two main types based on the mechanism of biogenesis: one is exosomes which originate from the endosomal system and another one is microvesicles that directly shed from the plasma membrane [10]
Considered together, these data suggest that EVs may transfer various cargoes between heterogeneous cells within tumor microenvironment (TME), initiate the critical regulation of the tumorigenesis to support the growth of RCC cells
Summary
Renal cell carcinoma (RCC) is the most common type of kidney cancer. Evidences indicate that extracellular vesicles (EVs) orchestrate multiple processes in tumorigenesis, metastasis, immune evasion, and drug response of RCC. EVs are lipid membrane-bound vesicles in nanometer size and secreted by almost all cell types into the extracellular milieu. EVs with excellent biocompatibility and biodistribution are natural platforms that can be engineered to offer achievable drug delivery strategies for RCC therapies. The multifaceted roles of EVs in RCC progression provide substantial targets and facilitate EVs-based drug discovery, which will be accelerated by using artificial intelligence approaches. We summarized the vital roles of EVs in occurrence, metastasis, immune evasion, and drug resistance of RCC. We recapitulated and prospected the EVs-based potential applications in RCC, including biomarker identification, drug vehicle development as well as drug target discovery
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