Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are membrane-surrounded structures released by most cell types. They are characterized by a specific set of proteins, lipids and nucleic acids. EVs have been recognized as potent vehicles of intercellular communication to transmit biological signals between cells. In addition, pathophysiological roles of EVs in conditions like cancer, infectious diseases and neurodegenerative disorders are well established. In recent years focus has been shifted on therapeutic use of stem cell derived-EVs. Use of stem cell derived-EVs present distinct advantage over the whole stem cells as EVs do not replicate and after intravenous administration, they are less likely to trap inside the lungs. From the therapeutic perspective, the most promising cellular sources of EVs are mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), which are easy to obtain and maintain. Therapeutic activity of MSCs has been shown in numerous animal models and the beneficial paracrine effect of MSCs may be mediated by EVs. The various components of MSC derived-EVs such as proteins, lipids, and RNA might play a specific therapeutic role. In this review, we characterize the role of EVs in immune and central nervous system (CNS); present evidences for defective signaling of these vesicles in neurodegeneration and therapeutic role of EVs in CNS.
Highlights
Mesenchymal stem/stromal cells (MSCs) are of great interest in regenerative therapy for tissues damaged by various pathological conditions
It was thought that the close proximity of transplanted mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) is pivotal in achievement of substantial therapeutic effect, as the cells could act through various mechanisms such as direct cell-to-cell contact and secreted factors
An extensive metaanalysis of preclinical results of intravenous application of stem cell revealed that there is a good correlation between a dose of infused cells and therapeutic effect, such correlation does not exist between the outcome and number of cells that engrafted within the disordered brain area (Janowski et al, 2010)
Summary
Mesenchymal stem/stromal cells (MSCs) are of great interest in regenerative therapy for tissues damaged by various pathological conditions. Lai et al (2012) distinguished 857 proteins with the same technique in exosomes isolated from human ESC-derived mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs; huES9.E1) line by high performance liquid chromatography. It was shown that mRNA shuttled between cells is functional and BM-MSC-derived exosomes transfer IGF-1R mRNA based on which protein is produced (Tomasoni et al, 2013).
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