Abstract

Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are generated by cells of origin through complex molecular mechanisms and released into extracellular environment. Hence, the presence of EVs has been described in multiple biological fluids and in most cases their molecular cargo, which includes non-coding RNAs (ncRNA), messenger RNAs (mRNA), and proteins, has been reported to modulate distinct biological processes. EVs release and their molecular cargo have been demonstrated to be altered in multiple diseases, including autoimmune diseases. Notably, numerous evidence showed a relevant crosstalk between immune system and interacting cells through specific EVs release. The crosstalk between insulin-producing pancreatic β cells and immune system through EVs bidirectional trafficking has yet started to be deciphered, thus uncovering an intricate communication network underlying type 1 diabetes (T1D) pathogenesis. EVs can also be found in blood plasma or serum. Indeed, the assessment of circulating EVs cargo has been shown as a promising advance in the detection of reliable biomarkers of disease progression. Of note, multiple studies showed several specific cargo alterations of EVs collected from plasma/serum of subjects affected by autoimmune diseases, including T1D subjects. In this review, we discuss the recent literature reporting evidence of EVs role in autoimmune diseases, specifically focusing on the bidirectional crosstalk between pancreatic β cells and immune system in T1D and highlight the relevant promising role of circulating EVs as disease biomarkers.

Highlights

  • Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is an autoimmune disease characterized by chronic hyperglycaemia, caused by b cells destruction due to specific autoreactive T cells and other immune cells

  • These findings suggest that mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs)-Extracellular vesicles (EVs) directly influence the immune state of adaptive immune cells and promote an anti-inflammatory phenotype of antigen presenting cells (APCs) inducing immunotolerance of T and B lymphocytes

  • EVs are involved in multiple mechanisms of immune system function and regulation through the transfer of bioactive cargo molecules which include cytokines, chemokines, lipids, metabolites, and small RNAs

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Summary

Introduction

Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is an autoimmune disease characterized by chronic hyperglycaemia, caused by b cells destruction due to specific autoreactive T cells and other immune cells. APCs activation was increased when exposed to EVs derived from proinflammatory cytokines treated islets vs non treated control samples, demonstrating that inflammatory stress induced EVs cargo molecules modulation as well.

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