Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an autoimmune neurodegenerative disease of the central nervous system (CNS) characterized by multiple demyelinating lesions in the spinal cord and brain. Neuronal disruption caused by myelin loss or demyelination, which may accompany axonal changes, leads to multiple neurological symptoms. They may transiently appear for weeks during periods of disease worsening (relapse) in relapsing-remitting form of MS (RRMS). Although a number of genetic, metabolic and environmental factors influencing the development of MS have been identified, the precise mechanisms involved in the CNS tissue damage in MS are still poorly understood. Recent studies have revealed a significant role of circulating extracellular vesicles (EVs) in many diseases. EVs are known to serve as a cellular communication tool between two cell types either in close proximity or in different parts of the body. During the recent development in understanding of the pathogenesis of MS, studies have revealed the possible role of EVs in MS. Furthermore, circulating EVs can be used as a biomarker for monitoring disease progression and activity of MS, and they can also be therapeutic reagents or targets of therapy. In this review we overview and discuss in detail about generation of EVs and their diversified roles in MS.
Highlights
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is one of the major and common progressive neurological disorders, which affects 2.8 million people around the world in 2020. This number is increased by 20% compared to 2013 data given by Multiple Sclerosis International Federation (MSIF)
central nervous system (CNS) damage is caused by immune cells that are activated in the periphery and in the CNS after crossing the blood brain barrier (BBB)
The cause and pathogenesis of MS is still not clear, but several efforts to stop the progression of MS with drugs resulted in making significant progress
Summary
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is one of the major and common progressive neurological disorders, which affects 2.8 million people around the world in 2020. CNS damage is caused by immune cells that are activated in the periphery and in the CNS after crossing the blood brain barrier (BBB). They could lead to a variety of symptoms such as fatigue, bladder and bowel dysfunction, visual impairment, movement and coordination problems and sensory disturbances. There is substantial evidence indicating the involvement of EVs in MS pathophysiology, but the functional efficacy of EVs is dependent on their surface molecules and their cargo. They can be both beneficiary and harmful. We have discussed the limitation and future prospective of EVs research with significant implication to MS
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