Abstract
Certain cancer therapy has been shown to induce immunogenic cell death in cancer cells and may promote tumor progression instead. The external stress or stimuli may induce cell death and contribute toward the secretion of pro inflammatory molecules. The release of damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) upon induction of therapy or cell death has been shown to induce an inflammatory response. Nevertheless, the mechanism as to how the DAMPs are released and engage in such activity needs further in-depth investigation. Interestingly, some studies have shown that DAMPs can be released through extracellular vesicles (EVs) and can bind to receptors such as toll-like receptors (TCRs). Ample pre-clinical studies have shown that cancer-derived EVs are able to modulate immune responses within the tumor microenvironment. However, the information on the presence of such DAMPs within EVs is still elusive. Therefore, this mini-review attempts to summarize and appraise studies that have shown the presence of DAMPs within cancer-EVs and how it affects the downstream cellular process.
Highlights
Cancer has emerged as a significant issue globally, and it is one of the main causes of mortality [1]
Extracellular vesicles containing damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) have been hypothesized to induce an inflammatory response via the toll-like receptor (TLR)/nuclear factor-kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-kB) pathway but are still in need of further verification
It has been well known that extracellular vesicles (EVs) released from cancer cells are able to modulate immune responses [31]
Summary
Cancer has emerged as a significant issue globally, and it is one of the main causes of mortality [1]. One of the ways of eliminating cancer cells is by undergoing therapy such as chemotherapy, radiotherapy, or targeted therapy. Some of these modalities have been proven effective, the after-effects of therapy may cause immunogenic cell death and eventually inflammation [4,5,6,7]. Cells have a detection system that can sense possible danger and threats in their environment. During an insult or intrusion, cells will release these endogenous molecules from within their compartment that is called damageassociated molecular patterns or DAMPs to alert the immune system [10, 13, 14]. Likewise, dying cells possess these “patterns” that act in a similar manner [10, 14, 15]
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