Abstract
Extracellular vesicle (EV) trafficking provides for a constitutive mode of cell-cell communication within tissues and between organ systems. Different EV subtypes have been identified that transfer regulatory molecules between cells, influencing gene expression, and altering cellular phenotypes. Evidence from a range of studies suggests that EV trafficking enhances cell survival and resistance to chemotherapy in solid tumors. In acute myeloid leukemia (AML), EVs contribute to the dynamic crosstalk between AML cells, hematopoietic elements and stromal cells and promote adaptation of compartmental bone marrow (BM) function through transport of protein, RNA, and DNA. Careful analysis of leukemia cell EV content and phenotypic outcomes provide evidence that vesicles are implicated in transferring several known key mediators of chemoresistance, including miR-155, IL-8, and BMP-2. Here, we review the current understanding of how EVs exert their influence in the AML niche, and identify research opportunities to improve outcomes for relapsed or refractory AML patients.
Highlights
Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is a genetically heterogenous disease that arises from abnormal proliferation of hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) [1]
We have shown that the transfer of Extracellular vesicle (EV) from AML cells to BM stromal cells (BMSCs) can enhance extrinsic chemoresistance and propose that AML exosomes trigger unfolded protein response (UPR) by transferring bone morphogenic protein 2 (BMP-2), a protein known to be upregulated in AML (Figure 2C)
While studies have implicated several specific proteins, cytokines, mRNAs, and miRNAs in the EV-mediated transfer of chemoresistance, the full spectrum of EV cargo involved in extrinsic chemoresistance remains to be fully defined
Summary
Extracellular vesicle (EV) trafficking provides for a constitutive mode of cell-cell communication within tissues and between organ systems. Different EV subtypes have been identified that transfer regulatory molecules between cells, influencing gene expression, and altering cellular phenotypes. In acute myeloid leukemia (AML), EVs contribute to the dynamic crosstalk between AML cells, hematopoietic elements and stromal cells and promote adaptation of compartmental bone marrow (BM) function through transport of protein, RNA, and DNA. Careful analysis of leukemia cell EV content and phenotypic outcomes provide evidence that vesicles are implicated in transferring several known key mediators of chemoresistance, including miR-155, IL-8, and BMP-2. We review the current understanding of how EVs exert their influence in the AML niche, and identify research opportunities to improve outcomes for relapsed or refractory AML patients
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