Abstract
The bone marrow (BM) represents a complex microenvironment containing stromal cells, immune cells, osteoclasts, osteoblasts, and hematopoietic cells, which are crucial for the immune response, bone formation, and hematopoiesis. Apart from soluble factors and direct cell-cell contact, extracellular vesicles (EVs), including exosomes, were recently identified as a third mediator for cell communication. Solid evidence has already demonstrated the involvement of various BM-derived cells and soluble factors in the regulation of multiple biological processes whereas the EV-mediated message delivery system from the BM has just been explored in recent decades. These EVs not only perform physiological functions but can also play a role in cancer development, including in Multiple Myeloma (MM) which is a plasma cell malignancy predominantly localized in the BM. This review will therefore focus on the multiple functions of EVs derived from BM cells, the manipulation of the BM by cancer-derived EVs, and the role of BM EVs in MM progression.
Highlights
The bone marrow (BM) is the source of blood cells and immune cells, and contains a complex environment composed of a cellular compartment, an extracellular matrix, and a liquid compartment [1]
The bone marrow (BM) represents a complex microenvironment containing stromal cells, immune cells, osteoclasts, osteoblasts, and hematopoietic cells, which are crucial for the immune response, bone formation, and hematopoiesis
Exosomes are nanometric membrane vesicles derived from late endosomes [7] and released through the fusion of multivesicular bodies (MVBs) with the plasma membrane [6, 8]
Summary
The bone marrow (BM) is the source of blood cells and immune cells, and contains a complex environment composed of a cellular compartment, an extracellular matrix, and a liquid compartment [1]. EVs, a class of membranous vesicles, are secreted by various cell types into the extracellular microenvironment and mediate short- and long-range communication by stimulating target cells with receptors or ligands, transferring membrane receptors to target cells, delivering functional intracellular molecules, and inducing epigenetic changes in recipient cells [4, 5]. Exosomes derived from DCs, called dexosomes, have recently gained much attention in tumor vaccination studies as they express functional MHC class I and II and T cell co-stimulatory molecules which are essential for activating immunologic effector cells [4750]. Protein-loaded dexosomes inhibited tumor growth in mice by inducing antitumor immunity in the assistance of proper activation of both CD4+ T and B cells [54] Both murine and human dexosomes promoted NK cell proliferation and activation in vivo in an IL-15Rα- and NKG2D-dependent manner, resulting in tumor regression [49]. We can conclude that dexosomes can have conflicting functions, and it seems that the regulation of www.impactjournals.com/oncotarget
Sign-in/Register to view highlights & summary Sign-in/Register to access full text options 
Talk to us
Join us for a 30 min session where you can share your feedback and ask us any queries you have
Schedule a callDisclaimer: All third-party content on this website/platform is and will remain the property of their respective owners and is provided on "as is" basis without any warranties, express or implied. Use of third-party content does not indicate any affiliation, sponsorship with or endorsement by them. Any references to third-party content is to identify the corresponding services and shall be considered fair use under The CopyrightLaw.
