Extracellular enzyme activity under subzero hypersaline conditions by model cold-adapted bacteria and Arctic sea-ice microbial communities

Abstract

AME Aquatic Microbial Ecology Contact the journal Facebook Twitter RSS Mailing List Subscribe to our mailing list via Mailchimp HomeLatest VolumeAbout the JournalEditorsSpecials AME 87:99-111 (2021) - DOI: https://doi.org/10.3354/ame01974 Extracellular enzyme activity of model cold-adapted bacteria and Arctic sea-ice microbial communities under subzero hypersaline conditions G. M. Showalter*, J. W. Deming School of Oceanography and Astrobiology Program, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA *Corresponding author: gmshowalter@gmail.com ABSTRACT: Bacterially produced extracellular enzymes (EEs) play an important role in the cycling of organic matter in the marine environment, breaking down large compounds to those small enough to be transported across the cell membrane. EEs may play an especially important role within the brines of sea ice, as freezing concentrates both bacteria and organic materials into brine pockets, leading to higher encounter rates between EEs and their substrates. However, whether EEs are able to perform under the extreme conditions of sea-ice brines, particularly during winter, is unknown. Here, we characterized EE activity (EEA) of leucine aminopeptidase produced by the psychrophilic bacterium Colwellia psychrerythraea strain 34H and the cold-tolerant Psychrobacter strain 7E, under analogue sea-ice conditions using a standard fluorescence-based activity assay. EEs produced by the psychrophile were active at the most extreme conditions tested, i.e. temperature of -8°C and salt concentration of 120 ppt, with activity enhanced if the EEs concerned were produced under subzero hypersaline conditions. EEs produced by the Psychrobacter strain were less cold- and salt-active. When high-latitude Arctic samples of sea-ice brine, under-ice water, and the sea-surface microlayer were analyzed using the same assay after a freeze-thaw cycle, EEA was highest in the sea-ice samples, with activity at -10°C and salinity of 142 ppt. Overall, these results indicate that EEA can contribute to the degradation of organic material in sea ice through winter, likely sustaining microbial communities in brine pores in the process and altering the nature of organic material released at spring melt. KEY WORDS: Arctic marine environment · Carbon cycle · Colwellia psychrerythraea strain 34H · Enzymatic activity · Psychrophiles · Sea ice · Psychrobacter strain 7E Full text in pdf format PreviousNextCite this article as: Showalter GM, Deming JW (2021) Extracellular enzyme activity of model cold-adapted bacteria and Arctic sea-ice microbial communities under subzero hypersaline conditions. Aquat Microb Ecol 87:99-111. https://doi.org/10.3354/ame01974 Export citation Mail this link - Contents Mailing Lists - RSS Facebook - Tweet - linkedIn Cited by Published in AME Vol. 87. Online publication date: August 26, 2021 Print ISSN: 0948-3055; Online ISSN: 1616-1564 Copyright © 2021 Inter-Research.