Extra- and intramuscular innervation of the masseter: Implications for facial reanimation

Abstract

Irreversible facial paralysis results in significant functional impairment. The motor nerve to the masseter is a reconstructive option, but despite its clinical importance, there are few parametric anatomic studies of the masseteric nerve. The purpose of this study was to investigate the extra- and intramuscular innervation of the masseter in 3D to determine the relationship of the nerve to the muscle heads and identify landmarks to aid identification. The nerve was dissected throughout its entire course in eight formalin-embalmed cadaveric specimens (mean age 84.9±12.2 years). The nerve was digitized at 1-2mm intervals using a MicroScribe™ digitizer and modeled in 3D in Autodesk® Maya®. Two or three extramuscular nerves were found to enter the deep head (DH) of the masseter: one main "primary" nerve (n=8) and one (n=4) or two (n=4) smaller primary nerve(s). The main primary nerve supplied both the deep and superficial heads, whereas the smaller primary nerve(s) only supplied the DH. Surgical landmarks for masseter nerve localization were quantified. Comprehensive mapping of the innervation of the masseter muscle throughout its volume revealed neural partitioning that could provide a basis for safety planning for muscle flaps and donor nerve identification and explain why masseter functional loss is not incurred by donor nerve sacrifice. Quantified landmarks correlate to previous studies and support the constant anatomy of this nerve. Our results provide a basis to optimize surgical approaches for donor nerve and muscle flap surgery.