External Mission

Abstract

Nelson Mandela’s release from prison in February 1990 was one of the most memorable moments of recent decades. It came a few days after the removal of the ban on the African National Congress (ANC); founded a century ago and outlawed in 1960, the ANC had transferred its headquarters abroad and opened what it termed an External Mission. For the thirty years following its banning, the ANC had fought relentlessly against the apartheid state. Finally voted into office in 1994, the ANC today regards its armed struggle as the central plank of its legitimacy. This book studies the ANC’s period in exile, based on a full range of sources in southern Africa and Europe. These include the ANC’s own archives and also those of the Stasi, the East German ministry that trained the ANC’s security personnel. The book reveals that the decision to create the Umkhonto we Sizwe (Spear of the Nation)—a guerrilla army which later became the ANC’s armed wing—was made not by the ANC but by its allies in the South African Communist Party after negotiations with Chinese leader Mao Zedong. It shows that many of the strategic decisions made, and many of the political issues which arose during the course of that protracted armed struggle, had a lasting effect on South Africa, shaping its society even up to the present day.