Abstract
Military operations during the Philippine-American War moved through three distinct phases. Between February and December 1899, the U.S. Eighth Army Corps defeated the Philippine Republic's con ventional field army in Central Luzon.1 Local nationalists immedi ately began to construct clandestine intelligence and supply networks to support a two-tiered guerrilla force of part-time Sandahatan village militias, or boleros, reinforced by small groups of full-time, rifle-armed insurgents, or fusileros. Confronted with renewed irregular resistance, senior U.S. commanders shifted from maneuver warfare to a strategy of regional population control, restructuring the Eighth Corps into a Philippine Division with four geographical departments for a sustained pacification campaign. In the war's second phase, between January 1900 and May 1901, U.S. troops forced most guerrilla bands through out the archipelago to surrender under the dual pressure of local of fensive patrols, or hikes, and martial law coercion exerted through provost courts and military commissions. The war's third and final phase took place in Southcentral Luzon and the Visayan island of Samar, subdued between September 1901 and April 1902, or shortly after the introduction of population reconcentration and widespread property destruction outside designated secure zones.2
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