Abstract
In management of diabetes, glucose lowering is the basic target of treatment. Insulin is essential to type 1 diabetes. Non-insulin therapy in type 2 diabetes is very diverse and continuously developing to improve glucose control and prevent diabetes-related complications. In the recent 30 years, recommended specifications of anti-diabetic drugs are high glucose-lowering efficacy, low risk of hypoglycemia, less burden of weight gain, and cardiovascular safety. With development of SGLT2 inhibitors (sodium glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors) and GLP-1RA (glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist), the clinical benefits also include risk reduction of diabetes-related complications (hospitalization for heart failure, chronic kidney disease, atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease), even in non-diabetic patients. Anti-diabetic medication can have a role in holistic management for prevention and treatment of diabetes and diabetes-related complications, as well as an improvement of mortality.
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