Extent of CpG methylation is not proportional to the in vivo spontaneous mutation frequency at transgenic loci in Big Blue™ rodents

Abstract

The lacI transgene used in the Big Blue™ (BB) mouse and rat mutation assays typically displays spontaneous mutation frequencies in the 5×10 −5 range. Recently, the bone marrow and bladder of the Big Blue™ rat were reported to have, by an order of magnitude, the lowest spontaneous mutation frequencies ever observed for lacI in a transgenic animal, approaching the value for endogenous targets such as hprt (∼10 −6). Since spontaneous mutations in transgenes have been attributed in part to deamination of 5-methylcytosine in CpG sequences, we have investigated the methylation status of the lacI transgene in bone marrow of BB rats and compared it to that present in other tissues including liver, spleen, and breast. The first 400 bases of the lacI gene were investigated using bisulfite genomic sequencing since this region contains the majority of both spontaneous and induced mutations. Surprisingly, all the CpG cytosines in the lacI sequence were fully methylated in all the tissues examined from both 2- and 14-week-old rats. Thus, there is no correlation between 5-methylcytosine content at CpG sites in lacI and the frequency of spontaneous mutation at this marker. We also investigated the methylation status of another widely used transgenic mutation target, the cII gene. The CpG sites in cII in BB rats were fully methylated while those in BB mice were partially methylated (each site approximately 50% methylated). Since spontaneous mutation frequency at cII is comparable in rat and mouse, the methylation status of CpG sequences in this gene also does not correlate with spontaneous frequency. We conclude that other mechanisms besides spontaneous deamination of 5-methylcytosine at CpG sites are driving spontaneous mutation at BB transgenic loci.