Abstract
This study represents a pioneering work on the extensional magnetorheological properties of human blood analogue fluids loaded with magnetic microparticles. Dynabeads M-270 particles were dispersed in Newtonian and viscoelastic blood analogue fluids at 5% wt. Capillary breakup experiments were performed, with and without the influence of an external magnetic field aligned with the flow direction. The presence of the particles increased the viscosity of the fluid, and that increment was larger when embedded within a polymeric matrix. The application of an external magnetic field led to an even larger increment of the viscosity of the working fluids, as the formation of small aggregates induced an increment in the effective volume fraction of particles. Regarding the liquid bridge stability, the Newtonian blood analogue fluid remained as a Newtonian liquid exhibiting a pinch-off at the breakup time in any circumstance. However, in the case of the viscoelastic blood analogue fluid, the presence of the particles and the simultaneous application of the magnetic field enhanced the formation of the beads-on-a-string structure, as the Ohnesorge number remained basically unaltered, whereas the time of the experiment increased due to its larger viscosity, which resulted in a decrease in the Deborah Number. This result was confirmed with fluids containing larger concentrations of xanthan gum.
Highlights
IntroductionHuman blood is a complex fluid, composed of cellular elements like red blood cells (RBCs), white blood cells (WBCs) and platelets suspended in plasma, an aqueous solution (approximately 90–92 wt.% water) containing organic molecules, proteins and salts [1,2,3]
It has been reported in the literature [34] that the breakup time is the result of a force balance between the capillary forces that aim at break ing the liquid filament and the internal forces that aim at maintaining the bridge, which are a combination of viscous, inertial, elastic, gravitational and other forces
Considering this background information and the fact that the working liquids in this study are in the dilute and semidiluted regimes [17], it is not surprising to see a non-linear evolution of the breakup time with the increasing concentration
Summary
Human blood is a complex fluid, composed of cellular elements like red blood cells (RBCs), white blood cells (WBCs) and platelets suspended in plasma, an aqueous solution (approximately 90–92 wt.% water) containing organic molecules, proteins and salts [1,2,3]. It is widely accepted by the scientific community that plasma exhibits a nearly Newtonian behavior [4,5]. The presence of such a high volume of RBCs promotes the non-Newtonian character of blood, with varying shear-thinning viscosity, and thixotropic and viscoelastic properties [1,6]
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