Extending the understanding of Shannon’s safe stimulation limit for platinum electrodes: biphasic charge-balanced pulse trains in unbuffered saline at pH = 1 to pH = 12

Abstract

Objective.In neural electrical stimulation, safe stimulation guidelines are essential to deliver efficient treatment while avoiding neural damage and electrode degradation. The widely used Shannon's limit,k, gives conditions on the stimulation parameters to avoid neural damage, however, underlying damage mechanisms are not fully understood. Moreover, the translation from bench testing toin vivoexperiments still presents some challenges, including the increased polarisation observed, which may influence charge-injection mechanisms. In this work, we studied the influence on damage mechanisms of two electrolyte parameters that are differentin vivocompared to usual bench tests: solution pH and electrolyte gelation.Approach.The potential of a platinum macroelectrode was monitored in a three-electrode setup during current-controlled biphasic charge-balanced cathodic-first pulse trains. Maximum anodic and cathodic potential excursions during pulse trains were projected on cyclic voltammograms to infer possible electrochemical reactions.Main results.In unbuffered saline of pH ranging from 1 to 12, the maximum anodic potential was systematically located in the oxide formation region, while the cathodic potential was located the molecular oxygen and oxide reduction region whenkapproached Shannon's damage limit, independent of solution pH. The results support the hypothesis that Shannon's limit corresponds to the beginning of platinum dissolution following repeated cycles of platinum oxidation and reduction, for which the cathodic excursion is a key tipping point. Despite similar potential excursions between solution and gel electrolytes, we found a joint influence of pH and gelation on the cathodic potential alone, while we observed no effect on the anodic potential. We hypothesise that gelation creates a positive feedback loop exacerbating the effects of pH ; however, the extent of that influence needs to be examined further.Significance.This work supports the hypothesis of charge injection mechanisms associated with stimulation-induced damage at platinum electrodes. The validity of a major hypothesis explaining stimulation-induced damage was tested and supported on a range of electrolytes representing potential electrode environments, calling for further characterisation of platinum dissolution during electrical stimulation in various testing conditions.