Abstract
Wireless sensor networks proliferate more and more in all social scopes and sectors. Such networks are implemented in smart homes, smart cities, security systems, medical resources, agriculture, automotive industry, etc. Communication devices and sensors of such networks are powered with batteries: the enlarging of battery life is a hot research topic. We focus on wireless sensor networks based on ZigBee technology. While sleep standard operation mode is defined for end devices, it is not the case for the rest of devices (routers and Coordinator), which usually always remain in active mode. We designed a formal optimization model for maximizing the enlarging of the battery life of routers and Coordinator, allowing us to delimit practical successful conditions. It was successfully tested with a standard ZigBee datasheet comprising technical data for sensors, routers, and coordinators. It was tested in a practical wireless sensor network assembly with XBee S2C devices. We derived, from the previous model, a novel but simple protocol of communication among routers and coordinators. It was tested in different use cases. We showed that when end devices generate traffic at regular intervals, the enlarging of the battery life of routers and Coordinator was possible only under certain use cases.
Highlights
Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN) have been deployed in many domains such as agriculture, smart cities, smart cars, etc., remotely sensing physical parameters and communicating them wirelessly to an Internet server using Internet of Things (IoT) protocols and services
Enlarging of the battery life is directly related to the consumption of current and voltage in the Router Devices (RD): the more time the RD spends in sleep mode, the more enlarging of battery life will be obtained
The ZigBee wireless sensor network contemplates the sleep mode of the operation for end devices but it does not contemplate a similar mode of operation for the Coordinator and the routers
Summary
Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN) have been deployed in many domains such as agriculture, smart cities, smart cars, etc., remotely sensing physical parameters and communicating them wirelessly to an Internet server using Internet of Things (IoT) protocols and services. Different technologies and standards have been developed for the physical and link levels of WSN: nRF24, Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE5.0), IEEE 802.15.4 [1], IEEE 802.15.1 [2], Low Range Wide Area Network (LoRA/LoRaWAN) [3], etc. It supports different network topologies, routing, and others network functions and interconnection with IEEE 802.11 [5,6,7,8], commonly known as Wireless Fidelity (WiFi) [9] and the Long-Term Evolution (LTE) technology [10]. ZigBee specifies the firmware of sensors, Sensors 2020, 20, 30; doi:10.3390/s20010030 www.mdpi.com/journal/sensors
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