Extending the Adaptive Network Nanomedicine Model for Homeopathic Medicines: Nanostructures as Salient Cell Danger Signals for Adaptation

Iris R Bell

doi:10.15226/2374-8141/2/1/00124

Abstract

This paper examines the growing evidence supporting the adaptive network nanomedicine model for Homeopathic Medicines (HMs) and their actions. Multiple laboratories have identified nanostructures in homeopathically-manufactured medicines at low and high potencies. Replicated studies in mainstream pharmaceutical research and in homeopathy have also demonstrated elevated levels of elemental silicon and/or bioactive silica Nanoparticles (NPs) released from glassware during agitation or multiple homeopathic succussions. The model suggests that (a) very low potency HMs are complex mixtures of bulk, micro- and nanoscale forms of the medicine’s natural source material made by prolonged mechanical grinding (trituration) in dry lactose; (b) low and higher potency liquid HMs made in glass containers are nanocomposite materials formed from source NPs, nanosilica-coated source NPs, adjuvant nanosilica and source-doped, coated, seeded or template nanosilica in colloidal solutions that can survive drying. We hypothesize that HMs include hybrid nanostructures of various sources, small sizes, shapes, surface defects, zeta potentials, and surface reactivity. HMs serves as individually-salient, sub toxic virus-like foreign danger signals. Nanosilica would help carry and amplify the fingerprint signal of co-occurring and adsorbed source material on its surfaces at higher liquid potencies. Cell Defense Response (CDR) network constituents that HMs modulate involve gene expression, cytokine release, cell signaling, and cell stress mediators. Once triggered, nonlinear endogenous amplification processes facilitate evolution of the therapeutic response over time.

Highlights

This paper articulates and expands upon a model based on the biological implications of the discovery of source and silica nanostructures in Homeopathic Medicines (HMs)
The present paper proposes that the nanoscale versus bulk form of HMs makes a critical difference in understanding how these agents can interact with living systems
Given the properties of nanomaterials, it is possible that the salient information conveyed from the HM to the individual organism sets the healing response in motion in Findings HMs and NPs in sub toxic doses both show ability to modulate biological activity through changes in gene expression, signaling protein release, cytokine release, and/or oxidative stress patterns Variability in physical chemistry, ultraviolet visible spectroscopy and bioactivity findings is common in both HMs and NPs as an inherent function of properties of the form rather than composition of the agent HMs and modern NPs both exhibit susceptibility to aging in solution with resultant changes in properties; pH, temperature, salt and ethanol concentration-dependent effects occur multiple ways

Summary

Introduction

This paper articulates and expands upon a model based on the biological implications of the discovery of source and silica nanostructures in Homeopathic Medicines (HMs). They confirmed the presence of the respective source metals using Inductively-Coupled Plasma Atomic Emission Spectroscopy (ICP-AES) up to the parts per billion ranges These researchers demonstrated that trituration (mechanical grinding) in lactose followed by serial dilutions and succussions (violent agitation of the liquid solution inside glassware), i.e., the unique manufacturing methodology of homeopathy, leads to heterogenous accumulation and transfer of the metal nanoparticles in solution from one “dilution” step to the even though bulk forms of the material are removed [18]. Other strategies for modulating NP properties include adsorbing or doping the surface of given silica or other NP with plant material, serum proteins or trace amounts of another nanomaterial [127129] Such procedures modify particle surface chemistry, which is the primary way by which NPs interact with each other and with living systems [44,88]. Are there virus-triggered biological mechanisms that nanoparticles are known to mobilize? Do those mechanisms map onto the repeatedly demonstrated ability of HMs to modulate

Methods

Conclusion

Conflict of Interest