Abstract
Extended forecasting using the National Weather Service River Forecast System (NWSRFS) is done with the NWS Extended Streamflow Prediction (ESP) program. This paper examines the theory, capabilities, and potential applications of the ESP procedure. ESP uses conceptual hydrologic/hydraulic models to forecast future streamflow using. the current snow, soil moisture, river, and reservoir conditions with historical meteorological data. The ESP procedure assumes that meteorological events that occurred in the past are representative of events that may occur in the future. Each year of historical meteorological data is assumed to be a possible representation of the future and is used to simulate a streamflow trace. The simulated streamflow traces can be scanned for maximum flow, minimum flow, volume of flow, reservoir stage, etc., for any period in the future. ESP produces a probabilistic forecast for each streamflow variable and period of interest. The procedure was originally developed for water supply forecasting in snowmelt areas, but it can also be used to produce spring flood outlooks, forecasts for navigation, inflow hydrographs for reservoir operation, and time series needed for risk analysis during droughts.
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