Abstract
Extended spectrum beta-lactamases (ESBLs) are defined as enzymes produced by certain bacteria that are able to hydrolyze extended spectrum cephalosporin. They are therefore effective against beta-lactam antibiotics such as ceftazidime, ceftriaxone, cefotaxime and oxyimino-monobactam. The objective of the current review is to provide a better understanding of ESBL and the epidemiology of ESBL producing organisms which are among those responsible for antibiotic resistant strains. Globally, ESBLs are considered to be problematic, particularly in hospitalized patients. There is an increasing frequency of ESBL in different parts of the world. The high risk patients are those contaminated with ESBL producer strains as it renders treatment to be ineffective in these patients. Thus, there an immediate needs to identify EBSL and formulate strategic policy initiatives to reduce their prevalence.
Highlights
Extended spectrum beta-lactamases (ESBLs) are defined as enzymes produced by certain bacteria that are able to hydrolyze extended spectrum cephalosporin
Sanchez et al (Sanchez et al, 2010) investigated data obtained from The Surveillance Network (TSN) concerning in vitro antimicrobial resistance in US outpatients between 2000 and 2010, and their results showed that resistance to ceftriaxone rose from 0.2% to 2.3% and resistance to cefuroxime increased from 1.5% to 5%, but the bacterial isolates in focus were not tested for ESBLs
Luvsansharav et al (Luvsansharav et al, 2012) analyzed stool samples from healthy volunteers in Thailand in 2009, and the results showed that 30–50% of these subjects in three different regions were ESBL carriers (CTX-M types)
Summary
Extended spectrum beta-lactamases (ESBLs) are defined as enzymes produced by certain bacteria that are able to hydrolyze extended spectrum cephalosporin. The difference between betalactamase enzymes is the substitution of amino acids that produces different phenotype of enzymes Another prevalent type of beta- lactamases is SHV-1, which was described initially in K. pneumoniae. The combination of altered amino acids produces different phenotypes of beta-lactamase enzymes with varying ability to hydrolyze 3rd generation cephalosporin and increases the level of resistance to beta-lactamase inhibitors (Winokur et al, 2000). As the use of beta- lactams antibiotics was excessive, the ESBLs producer strains were selected These strains produce different phenotypes and effect changes in porins such as Omp (Shakib et al, 2012) to develop resistance to cephamycins and other antimicrobials (Bradford et al, 1994).
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