Abstract
During hot working, internal damage of the workpiece is not only controlled by the stress state, but also by time- and temperature-dependent softening processes such as recovery and recrystallization. These processes may be used to delay or prevent damage initiation and hence to improve part performance. This work proposes an extended Gurson–Tvergaard–Needleman damage model for hot forming which couples softening processes to void formation at inclusions. Based on this model, optimal control problems are solved to find optimal ram speed profiles in hot working reducing damage in the workpiece or reducing process time while controlling damage.
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