Extended framework of Hamilton's principle applied to Duffing oscillation

Abstract

The paper begins with a novel variational formulation of Duffing equation using the extended framework of Hamilton's principle (EHP). Unlike the original Hamilton's principle, this formulation properly accounts for initial conditions, and it recovers all the governing differential equations as its Euler–Lagrange equation. Thus, it serves base for the development of novel computational methods, involving finite element representation over time. For its feasibility, we provide the simplest temporal finite element method by adopting linear temporal shape functions. Numerical examples are included to verify and investigate performance of non-iterative algorithm in the developed method.