Abstract
The depth-sensing indentation method has been applied for almost 30 years. In this review, a survey of several extended applications developed during the last three decades is provided. In depth-sensing indentation measurements, the load and penetration depth data are detected as a function of time, in most cases at controlled loading rates. Therefore, beside the determination of hardness and Young’s modulus, different deformation mechanisms and many other dynamic characteristics and phenomena, such as the dynamic elastic modulus, load-induced phase transition, strain rate sensitivity, etc. can be studied. These extended applications of depth-sensing indentation measurements are briefly described and reviewed.
Highlights
The history of hardness characterization goes back for almost 200 years
The AFM image by Combining Indentation with Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) Measurements It was mentioned already in Section 2.3.1, grain boundary sliding is an important mechanism of plastic deformation of UFG materials
More than 100 years after the introduction of quantitative hardness measurement, the invention of depth-sensing indentation measurements and their further development in nanohardness testing have opened up new possibilities in studying the mechanical properties of materials
Summary
The history of hardness characterization goes back for almost 200 years. Initially, when quantitative characterization of hardness has not yet been defined, qualitative hardness measurement was based on observing which material deforms the other, showing intuitively which material is harder than the other one. The hardness is defined as the ratio of the applied force, F on the indenter and the projected area, A of the contact surface This surface was measured optically after the removal of the indenter, as the demands shifted towards smaller loads, in order to investigate small samples, thin films or to obtain local hardness values, the size of the residual indentations was reduced so that it could no longer be measured with sufficient accuracy by a simple optical method. Olivlievrearnadnd PhPahrar,rhr,ohwoewvevr,ehra, vheavoebsoebrvserdvtehdathnaott nevoet nevthene itnhietiainl iptaiarlt pofartht eofutnhloeaudninlogacduinrvgescuarveelisnaeraer laindeatrheaynd they found that the unloading curves can be described rather by a power law function In this approach, there is no restriction on the unloading data being linear and the contact stiffness is determined only at peak load. The appearance of pop-outs and elbows does depend on the maximal applied load and on the loading—unloading rates It may depend on several other factors, like sample orientation or the indenter-angle etc. It may depend on several other factors, like sample orientation or the indenter-angle etc. [13]
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